Inkulumo-ze. Kuzwakala njengegama eliyisidala. Okujwayelekile kwezinye izikhathi. Kusukela kwesinye isizukulwane. Noma kunjalo, inkulumo-ze ayizange iphele. Eqinisweni, namuhla isebenza kakhulu kunangaphambili. Iphuzu layo eliqinile ukuthi akukho muntu oqaphelayo, ngakho-ke lingakwazi ukufeza ngokuphelele izinhloso eyazalelwa yona. Njengoba isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uNoam Shpancer sathi, "Uma ungezwa inkulumo-ze eminingi, yilokhu okuzwayo."
Umsuka okude wenkulumo-ze
Inkulumo-ze ibilokhu ikhona, kusukela eGrisi lasendulo. Nokho, leli gama ngokwalo lihlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-17, lapho iSonto LamaKatolika lilwela ukusakaza imibono yalo nombono walo wezwe ukuze linqande ukwanda kobuProthestani.
Eqinisweni, umbhalo wokuqala ongokomlando lapho igama elithi “inkulumo-ze” livela khona, uhlehlela emuva ku-1622, lapho uPapa Gregory XV emisa uMbuso kaNkulunkulu. Ibandla Elingcwele Lenkulumo-ze Fide o "Ibandla elingcwele lokusabalalisa ukholo lweBandla lamaKhatholika nelamaRoma". Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwamiswa ihhovisi lenkulumo-ze likapapa ukuze liqondise imizamo yokuLwa neNguquko ngokumelene nobuLuthela.
Sekudlule isikhathi eside kusukela lapho. Ngemva kokudabula inkulumo-ze yamaNazi kaJoseph Goebbels kanye nenkulumo-ze yazo zombili izinhlangothi zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi, lo mbono kancane kancane uye wathatha i-aura engalungile ebhekisela emangeni okuzicabangela wena, ngokuvamile akhuthazwa ezinye izinhlelo zokulawula umphakathi ukuze zizame ukukhohlisa. umbono womphakathi.
Iyini ngempela inkulumo-ze?
Il I-Propaganda Analysis Institute wase-United States wakuchaza "Ukuvezwa kombono noma isenzo sabantu noma amaqembu aklanywe ngamabomu ukuthonya imibono noma izenzo zabanye abantu noma amaqembu ngokubhekiselwe ezinhlosweni ezinqunywe kusengaphambili".
Ngakho-ke, inkulumo-ze ihlanganisa ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi oluyingxenye noma oludukisayo olusetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza noma ukukhangisa isizathu esithile noma umbono wezombusazwe ngenjongo yokuthonya umbono womphakathi kanye nabantu ngabanye ngokukhethekile.
Inkulumo-ze inezinjongo ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izama ukubumba imibono yabantu ngesihloko esithile ngokunikeza incazelo eyingxenye futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, izama ukusunduza labo bantu abafanayo esenzweni ukuze baguqule umhlaba wabo futhi basekele imibono ethile.
Izimiso ze-Machiavellian zenkulumo-ze
TheAmerican Psychological Association ikhombisa lokho "Inkulumo-ze ayiwasebenzisi kangako amasu asiza abantu ukuthi baphathe ukuziphatha kwabo ngobuhlakani futhi babheje kakhulu kulezo eziyenga umuntu ukuthi alandele imizwa yakhe nengenangqondo."
Faka kuhlu izimiso ezine ze-propaganda ezisetshenziswa ukukhohlisa imibono yomphakathi:
1. Sebenzisani imizwa, ningalokothi niphikisane
2. Gxilisa inkulumo-ze kumodeli: "thina" ngokumelene "nesitha"
3. Xhumana namaqembu kanye nabantu ngabanye
4. Fihla inkulumo-ze ngangokunokwenzeka
Eqinisweni, inkulumo-ze ephumelela kakhulu yileyo eqondiswe ezilalelini ezingaqapheli ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lolwazi oluguquliwe kulo. Ngakho-ke, inkulumo-ze ayiwona umbukiso wemilingo, kodwa iwumkhonyovu ogcwele. Umqondo ongaqeqeshelwe ukubona kanye nokuqeda inkulumo-ze ingqondo engenangqondo futhi ekhohliswa kalula.
Ngalo mqondo, akuyona imfihlo ukuthi inkulumo-ze ibe yithuluzi elisebenzayo elisetshenziswa yiJalimane ne-United States ukuthonya umbono wabantu abahlukene ukuze "bachaze" ukuthi kufanele babone uhlangothi oluhlukile. Ngamaphosta, amafilimu, umsakazo neminye imithombo yezindaba, ohulumeni baye bathonya abantu ukuba basekele injongo yabo.
Ngemva kokuchayeka kaningi kulolu hlobo lwenkulumo-ze, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-repeat priming", abantu baqala ukukholwa futhi bamele lokho uhulumeni ngamunye ababekutshele kona. Kubo, inkulumo-ze iye yaba yiqiniso.
Inkulumo-ze iwakhubaza kanjani amandla ethu abucayi?
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo u-E. Bruce Goldstein ukholelwa ukuthi inkulumo-ze isebenza ngokuqala, okuyinto "Kuvela lapho ukwethulwa kwesikhuthazo kushintsha indlela umuntu asabela ngayo kwesinye isikhuthazo." Eqinisweni, isayensi isiqinisekisile ukuthi lapho sichayeka ekutatimendeni esike sakufunda noma esikuzwile, maningi amathuba okuthi sizilinganise njengeziyiqiniso. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "umphumela weqiniso oyinkohliso obangelwa ukuphindaphinda".
Eqinisweni, lapho sizwa indaba noma umbono ohambisana nezinkolelo zethu, mancane amathuba okuba sikungabaze. Ayikho i-cognitive dissonance. Singase futhi sizizwe sijabule ngoba sinesiqinisekiso salokho ebesikucabanga. Ngenxa yalokho, asiluhloli lolu lwazi ngoba sikholelwa ukuthi "lulungile".
Lesi sicupho esiwela kuso senzeka ngenxa yenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebuchosheni. Ubuchopho bethu "banenethiwekhi yokulawula yesikhulu" enesibopho ngokuyinhloko esimweni sethu sengqondo sokugxeka nokucabanga. Nokho, ucwaningo olwenziwe e- WaseHarvard Medical School kwembula ukuthi ukwesaba, njengokwesaba abantu bangaphandle, abokufika noma abanye, kungakhubaza leyo nethiwekhi.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukwesaba kwenza kube nzima ukuthi ubuchopho bethu bucabange ngokujulile nangokuqondile, ngakho-ke uma lo mzwelo - intandokazi ye-propaganda - ucushiwe kuba nzima kakhulu ngathi ukuthola ulwazi olungamanga futhi sisengozini yokuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa.
I-propaganda yokubamba iqhaza eminyakeni yamanethiwekhi omphakathi
Ngaphambilini, inkulumo-ze yayibuswa kakhulu uhlelo lwamandla, olwalusebenzisa ukucwaninga emithonjeni yezindaba efana namaphephandaba, umsakazo kanye nomabonakude. Njengamanje, i-inthanethi nezinkundla zokuxhumana zishintshile lokho kulawulwa kwensimbi ngokuba i-megaphone ukunikeza amazwi aphikisayo phansi.
Kulo mongo, indlela entsha yokuphatha umbono womphakathi, inkulumo-ze yokubamba iqhaza noma inkulumo-ze yontanga iye yavela. Yindawo yonke lapho umuntu ngamunye ephindaphinda umlayezo wenkulumo-ze ezingosini zakhe, ezibandakanya nakakhulu, ezizwa ehlotshaniswa naleyo mibono, futhi-ke, esiza ukuyiqinisekisa njengeqiniso, bese efaka ingcindezi kubantu abayilandelayo. kulawo manethiwekhi omphakathi.
“Inkulumo-ze yokubamba iqhaza ifuna ukunikeza indlela entsha yokubuyisela ubukhosi bombuso phezu kwabantu endaweni entsha yolwazi kanye nokwakha kabusha izindonga ezidilizwe amanethiwekhi okuxhumana avundlile emhlabeni wonke. Umgomo wawo uwukunciphisa amandla alawa manethiwekhi okubekela inselele ubukhosi bombuso. Uma umbuso ungakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kolwazi nokuxhumana, ugxila ekutheni lolu lwazi luhunyushwa futhi luhlaziywe kanjani.
“Inkulumo-ze yokubamba iqhaza ibuyisela ubukhosi bombuso ngaphakathi. Ihlose ukwakha izindonga ezindaweni zangaphakathi zomuntu, ukulungisa izigaba zombono wendawo. Okokuqala, yakha into yokungqubuzana okungenzeka ihlukanise abantu, bese ihlinzeka ngamathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe ukuphatha lowo mbono we-propaganda ", kusho isazi sezemfundo kanye nentatheli uGregory Asmolov we Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Inkulumo-ze, ikakhulukazi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, iba ithuluzi lokuhlukanisa nokunqamula ukuxhumana. Idala ukuhlangana kodweshu. Ingabandakanyi labo abacabanga ngendlela ehlukile futhi idale amabhamuza agunyaza umbono owodwa wamaqiniso. Ngenxa yalokho, inkhulumomphendvulwano iyaphazamiseka. Ukucabanga okunengqondo kuyanyamalala. Inkulumo-ze iyawina.
Ukucabanga ngokukhululeka ngaphansi kokuvinjezelwa kwenkulumo-ze
Inkulumo-ze ayigcini nje ngokuthulisa ukucabanga kwethu okujulile, kodwa futhi iphula amabhuloho okuqonda komunye nomunye futhi, okubi nakakhulu, isilahla ku-obscurantism, ukuphakela umbono omncane futhi owenziwe lula kakhulu wezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinqunyiwe eziningi. Ngenxa yalokho, siba ama-pawn asetshenziswa kalula azimisele ukulandela izimfundiso ezithile ngobumpumputhe.
Ukuze sigweme inkulumo-ze, kudingeka senze ukucabanga kwethu okugxekayo kusebenze futhi sivale ukwesaba kwethu. Ukucabanga ukuthi noma iyiphi indlela ingasakaza inkulumo-ze. Noma nini lapho othile esitshela ukuthi sicabange ini nokuthi yiluphi uhlangothi okufanele sime kulo, insimbi ye-alamu kufanele ikhale. Noma nini lapho ukulandisa okusemthethweni kuphendukela ohlangothini olulodwa, kufanele sibe nezinsolo. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuze sibalekele inkulumo-ze akumelwe sicabange ukuthi asigonyiwe kuyo.
Imithombo
I-Asmolov, G. (2019) Imithelela Yenkulumo-ze Ebamba Iqhaza: Ukusuka Ekuhlalisaneni Kuya Ekuhlanganiseni Kwangaphakathi Kwezingxabano. JoDS; 6:10.21428.
Nierenberg, A. (2018) Kungani Inkulumo-ze Isebenza? Ukucindezelwa Okubangelwa Ukwesaba Kwe-Executive Control Brain Network. Izimvo Zengqondo; 48 (7): 315.
I-Goldstein, EB (2015) I-Cognitive Psychology: Ingqondo Exhumayo, Ucwaningo, Nokuhlangenwe nakho Kwansuku zonke (4th Futhi.). Sl: Wadsworth.
Biddle, WW (1931). Incazelo yezengqondo yenkulumo-ze. Ijenali Yezimo Ezingavamile Nezenhlalo Yezenhlalo; I-26(3): 283-295.
Umnyango Inkulumo-ze namuhla: iguqule kanjani ukuqhubeka nokusikhohlisa? yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
