Ukucwaswa kwezenhlalo okuhlobene nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nezinkinga zengqondo sekunesikhathi eside kukhona. Eqinisweni, lona kanye igama elithi "inhlamba" linezincazelo ezingezinhle futhi livela eGreece yasendulo, lapho inhlamba kwakuwuphawu okwakuphawulwa ngalo izigqila noma izigebengu.
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka umphakathi ungabaphathi kangcono abantu abanokucindezeleka, i-autism, schizophrenia, noma ezinye izifo zengqondo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ukugula kwengqondo kwakubhekwa njengesijeziso saphezulu. Abagulayo kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bangenwe udeveli, futhi abaningi babeshiswa esigxotsheni noma baphonswe ezindlini zokukhosela zokuqala, lapho babeboshelwa ezindongeni noma emibhedeni yabo.
Phakathi nokuKhanyiswa abagula ngengqondo ekugcineni bakhululwa emaketangeni abo futhi kwadalelwa izikhungo ukuze zibasize, nakuba ukucwaswa nokucwaswa kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ongemuhle phakathi nenkathi yamaNazi eJalimane, lapho amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabagula ngengqondo ebulawa noma evala inzalo.
Namuhla asikakazikhululi ngokuphelele ekucwaseni okuhambisana nokugula ngengqondo. Abantu abaningi bayaqhubeka bebheka izinkinga ezingokomzwelo njengophawu lobuthakathaka nesizathu sokuhlazeka. Eqinisweni, lokhu kucwaswa akuthinti abantu abanalesi sifo kuphela kodwa futhi kudlulela nasemalungwini omndeni wabo, abangani abaseduze, ngisho nabasebenzi ababasizayo.
Ukucwaswa kwenhlonipho, ukwenqatshwa komphakathi okwandile
Ngisho nomndeni, abangani kanye nabantu abasondelene nabo bangabhekana nalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "ihlazo lokuhlonipha". Kumayelana nokulahlwa nokudicilelwa phansi kwezenhlalo okuhlotshaniswa nabantu abasebudlelwaneni nalabo “abamakiwe”. Empeleni, ukucwaswa komuntu othinteke ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo kudlulela nakulabo abanobudlelwane bomndeni noma bomsebenzi nabo.
Ukucwaswa komndeni yikho okuvame kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kuthinta abazali, izingane zakwabo, abashade nabo, izingane, nezinye izihlobo zomuntu onalesi sifo. Kodwa akusiyo yodwa. Ucwaningo olwenziwa eNyuvesi yaseVictoria luveze ukuthi isigcwagcwa sokuhlangana sidlulela nakulabo abasebenza namaqembu ancishwe amathuba emphakathini nangaphandle. Ukucwaswa kwenhlonipho kunomthelela onamandla nakulaba bantu. Baqaphela ukuthi abangani babo nomndeni abasekeli noma abaqondi umsebenzi wabo wezenhlalakahle nokuthi ochwepheshe abavela kwezinye izikhungo kanye nabantu ngokujwayelekile babaphatha kabi. Lokhu-ke kugcina kuba nomthelela empilweni yabo nokungesinye sezizathu eziholela ekutheni bayeke umsebenzi.
Ukulandisa okuphathelene necala, amahloni nokungcoliswa yizona zinto ezibangela isigcwagcwa senhlonipho. Ukulandisa kwecala kuphakamisa ukuthi labo abaxhumene ngandlela thize nabantu abacwaswayo banecala noma banomthwalo wemfanelo wemiphumela emibi yomphakathi yokucwaswa. Esikhundleni salokho, ukulandisa kokungcola kuphakamisa ukuthi labo bantu kungenzeka babe namanani afanayo, izibaluli, noma ukuziphatha. Ngokusobala lezi yizinkolelo-ze ezingenasisekelo eziye zasakazwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi asikwazanga ukuqeda ngokuphelele emphakathini wethu.
Isithunzi eside sokucwaswa kobudlelwane kanye nomonakalo owudalayo
Amalungu omndeni angaphansi kwenhlamba yenhlonipho azizwa enamahloni futhi enecala. Ngokuvamile, eqinisweni, bazigxeka bona ngokwabo ngoba becabanga ukuthi banesandla ngandlela-thile ekuguleni kwelungu lomkhaya. Baphinde babhekane nokucindezeleka okujulile ngokomzwelo, amazinga okucindezeleka akhulayo, ukucindezeleka, kanye nokuhlukaniswa nabantu.
Yiqiniso, isisindo senhlamba yenhlonipho siyazwakala. Abacwaningi abavela ku- Columbia University baxoxisana nabazali abangu-156 nabalingani beziguli ezigula ngengqondo ezangeniswa okokuqala futhi bathola ukuthi ingxenye yayizame ukufihlela abanye le nkinga. Isizathu? Bazibonela mathupha ukungaqondi kahle nokwenqatshwa emphakathini.
Ucwaningo olushaqisayo olwenziwa eNyuvesi yaseLund lapho amalungu omndeni angu-162 eziguli ezilaliswe ewodini labagula ngengqondo kwaxoxwa nawo ngemva kokuba iziqephu ezibuhlungu zembule ukuthi iningi lalizizwa linokuthambekela okude kwenhlamba yenhlonipho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlobo ezingu-18% zivumile ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi zazicabanga ukuthi isiguli siyoba ngcono uma sifa, nokuthi kungaba ngcono ukube singakaze sizalwe noma singakaze sihlangane naso. U-10% walezo zihlobo nawo ubenemicabango yokuzibulala.
Izinga lobudlelwano nomuntu othintekile nalo lihlushwa yilokhu kucwaswa okwandisiwe. Uchungechunge lwezifundo ezenziwa eNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Florida lwembula ukuthi ukucwaswa kwenhlonipho kuthinta abazali bezingane ezikhubazekile ngokuvimbela ukuxhumana nomphakathi kanye nokubanikeza i-aura engalungile. Laba bazali babona ukwahlulela nokusola kwabanye mayelana nokukhubazeka, ukuziphatha noma ukunakekelwa kwengane yabo. Futhi umbono womphakathi ugcina ucindezela kabi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu abacwaswayo kanye nemindeni yabo. Umphumela? Ukwesekwa komphakathi okutholwa abantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuyehla.
Ungakugwema kanjani ukucwaswa okuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo?
Isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu u-Erwin Goffman, owabeka isisekelo sokucwaninga ngokucwaswa, wabhala lokho "Alikho izwe, umphakathi noma isiko lapho abantu abagula ngengqondo benenani elilinganayo lezenhlalo njengabantu abangenazo izifo zengqondo". Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungunyaka ka-1963. Namuhla siku-2021 futhi kuncane okushintshile emcabangweni odumile.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqeda lezo zinkolelo-ze, ezenza umonakalo omkhulu, akukhona ukuqalisa imikhankaso engenalutho esebenza kuphela ukukhuluphalisa amaphakethe ezinkampani zokukhangisa nokuhlanza onembeza, kodwa ukuthi kukhona okungamangalisa futhi okuningi. indlela esebenza ngempumelelo yokunciphisa inhlamba yenhlonipho: ukuthintana nalabo abathintekile.
Kumane kuyindaba yokwandisa amehlo. Uma sicabangela ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-50 abantu bazobhekana nesiqephu esihlobene nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukukhathazeka noma ukudangala - maningi amathuba okuthi sazi othile ohluphekayo noma oke wahlushwa inkinga yemizwa. Uma siqaphela ukuba khona kwalaba bantu empilweni yethu kanye nezinkinga abadlula kuzo, sizoba nesithombe esingokoqobo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okusisiza ukuthi sicabange kabusha izinkolelo zethu ukuze sakhe isimo sengqondo esivuleleke kakhudlwana, sokubekezelela kanye nokuqonda.
Imithombo
Rössler, W. (2016) Ukucwaswa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Iminyaka eyinkulungwane - umlando omude wokuvalelwa komphakathi kanye nokucwasa. EMBO Rep; 17 (9): 1250-1253.
Phillips, R. & Benoit, C. (2013) Ukuhlola Ukucwaswa NgeNhlangano Phakathi Kwabahlinzeki Abanakekeli Bangaphambili Abasebenzela Abasebenzi Bocansi. Inqubomgomo Yezempilo; 9 (SP): 139–151.
Corrigan, PW et. Al. (2004) Amazinga esakhiwo okugula ngengqondo ukucwaswa nokucwaswa. Schizophr Bull; 30 (3): 481-491.
Green, SE (2004) Umthelela wokucwaswa ezimweni zomama mayelana nokubekwa kwezingane ezikhubazekile ezikhungweni zokunakekela izingane. I-Soc Sci Med; 59 (4): 799-812.
Green, SE (2003) "Uqonde ukuthini 'yini engalungile ngaye?'": Ukucwaswa kanye nempilo yemindeni yezingane ezikhubazekile. I-Soc Sci Med; 57 (8): 1361-1374.
Ostman, M. & Kjellin, L. (2002) Ukucwaswa ngokuhlanganyela: izici zengqondo ezihlotsheni zabantu abanesifo sengqondo. Br J Psychiatry; 181:494-498.
Phelan, JC et. Al. (1998) Ukugula ngengqondo kanye nokucwaswa komndeni. Schizophr Bull; 24 (1): 115-126.
Umnyango Ukucwaswa kwenhlonipho, lapho ukwenqatshwa komphakathi kudlulela emndenini wabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
