Ukube sonke besilungile futhi sihlakaniphile njengoba sicabanga ukuthi sinjalo, umhlaba ubuyoba yindawo engcono kakhulu engenamkhawulo. Inkinga ukuthi umphumela we-Wobegon uyangenelela phakathi kokuzibona kwethu neqiniso.
ILake Wobegon idolobha eliqanjiwe elihlala abalingiswa abathile ngoba bonke abesifazane banamandla, amadoda mahle futhi izingane zihlakaniphe ngaphezu kwesilinganiso. Leli dolobha, elenziwe ngumlobi nombhali wamahlaya uGarrison Keillor, laqamba igama lalo ukuthi “Umphumela Wobegon”, ubandlululo lokuphakama okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuphakama okuyinkohliso.
Uyini umphumela we-Wobegon?
Kwakungu-1976 lapho iBhodi Lekolishi linikela ngesinye sezisampula eziphelele zokukhetha okuphezulu. Ezigidini zabafundi abathathe isivivinyo seSAT, abangama-70% bakholelwa ukuthi bangaphezu kwesilinganiso, obekungenakwenzeka, ngokwezibalo.
Ngemuva konyaka, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uPatricia Cross sathola ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kuphakama okuyinkohliso kungaba kubi. Ngokuxoxisana nosolwazi eNyuvesi yaseNebraska, uthole ukuthi u-94% wacabanga ukuthi amakhono abo okufundisa ayephakeme ngama-25%.
Ngakho-ke, umphumela we-Wobegon kungaba ukuthambekela kokucabanga ukuthi singcono kunabanye, ukuzibeka ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, sikholelwa ukuthi sinezimfanelo ezinhle, izimfanelo namakhono ngenkathi sinciphisa lezo ezingezinhle.
Umbhali uKathryn Schulz uchaze kahle lokhu kukhetha ukuphakama ngesikhathi sokuzihlola: "Iningi lethu lidlula empilweni licabanga ukuthi silungile, ngokusobala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngokuyisisekelo ngayo yonke into: izinkolelo zethu zepolitiki nezengqondo, izinkolelo zethu nezenkolo, ukwahlulela esikwenzayo kwabanye abantu, izinkumbulo zethu, ukuqonda kwethu amaqiniso… Ngisho noma sithi ukuma sicabange ngakho kubonakala kungenangqondo, isimo sethu semvelo sibonakala sengathi sicabanga ukuthi cishe sazi konke ”.
Eqinisweni, umphumela we-Wobegon ufinyelela kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo. Akukho okuphunyuka ethonyeni lalo. Singacabanga ukuthi siqotho kakhulu, sihlakaniphile, sizimisele futhi sinomusa ukwedlula abanye.
Lokhu kukhetha ukuphakama kungadlulela ebudlelwaneni. Ngo-1991, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uVan Yperen noBuunk bathola ukuthi abantu abaningi babecabanga ukuthi ubuhlobo babo babungcono kunobabanye.
Ukuchema nokumelana nobufakazi
Umphumela we-Wobegon ubandlululo olumelana ikakhulukazi. Eqinisweni, kwesinye isikhathi siyenqaba ukuvula amehlo ethu nakubufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka singabi abahle noma abahlakaniphile njengoba sicabanga.
Ngo-1965, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uPreston noHarris baxoxisana nabashayeli abangama-50 abalaliswe esibhedlela ngemuva kwengozi yemoto, abangu-34 babo ababebhekene nakho, ngokusho kwamarekhodi amaphoyisa. Baphinde baxoxisana nabashayeli abangama-50 abanolwazi olunzulu lokushayela. Bathola ukuthi abashayeli bamaqembu womabili babecabanga ukuthi amakhono abo okushayela angaphezulu kwesilinganiso, ngisho nalabo ababangele ingozi.
Kunjengokungathi sakha umfanekiso wethu uqobo obekwe etsheni okunzima kakhulu ukuwuguqula, noma ngabe sibhekene nobufakazi obuqine bokuthi lokhu akunjalo. Eqinisweni, ososayensi bezinzwa e-University of Texas bathole ukuthi kukhona imodeli ye-neural esekela lokhu kukhetha ukuzihlola futhi isenze sahlulele ubuntu bethu buhle futhi bube ngcono kunabanye.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi bathole nokuthi ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kukhulisa lolu hlobo lokwahlulela. Ngamanye amagama, uma sicindezeleke ngokwengeziwe, kukhula ukuthambekela kokuqinisa inkolelo yethu yokuthi siphakeme. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi lokhu kumelana empeleni kusebenza njengendlela yokuvikela ukuvikela ukuzethemba kwethu.
Lapho sibhekene nezimo okunzima ukuzilawula futhi sizivumelanise nesithombe esinaso, singaphendula ngokuvala amehlo ethu ebufakazini ukuze singazizwa kabi kakhulu. Le ndlela uqobo ayiyimbi ngoba ingasinikeza isikhathi esisidingayo ukucubungula okwenzekile futhi siguqule isithombe esinaso ngathi ukuze sikwenze kube ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe.
Inkinga iqala lapho sibambelela kulokho kuphakama okungafanele futhi senqabe ukuvuma amaphutha namaphutha. Uma kunjalo, abathinteka kakhulu kuzoba yithina uqobo.
Kuphi ukubandlululwa kokuphakama?
Sikhula emphakathini ositshela zisencane ukuthi "sikhethekile" futhi sivame ukunconywa ngamakhono ethu kunalokho esikufezile nemizamo yethu. Lokhu kubeka isisekelo sokwakha isithombe esisontekile ngokufaneleka kwethu, indlela yethu yokucabanga, noma izindinganiso zethu namakhono ethu.
Into enengqondo ukuthi njengoba sikhula siba nombono ongokoqobo ngokwengeziwe ngamakhono ethu futhi siyakwazi ukulinganiselwa kwethu namaphutha. Kepha akuhlali kunjalo. Kwesinye isikhathi ukucwaswa kokuphakama kuyaqala.
Eqinisweni, sonke sinokuthambekela kokuzibheka ngendlela efanele. Lapho besibuza ukuthi sinjani, sizogqamisa izimfanelo zethu ezinhle kakhulu, amanani kanye namakhono ethu, ukuze kuthi lapho siziqhathanisa nabanye, sizizwe singcono. Kuyinto evamile. Inkinga ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi i-ego ingadlala ubuqili, isenze sigxile kakhulu emakhonweni ethu, ezimfanelweni nasekuziphatheni kwethu kunokwabanye.
Isibonelo, uma sithandana kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, sizoba nomkhuba wokucabanga ukuthi ukuzibandakanya kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu futhi sizobheka iqhaza laso empilweni. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi, yize sethembekile, sizokhulisa izinga lethu lokwethembeka lapho siziqhathanisa nabanye.
Ngenxa yalokho, sizokholwa ukuthi, ngokujwayelekile, singaphezu kwesilinganiso ngoba sithuthukise emazingeni aphezulu lezo zici "ezenza umehluko" empilweni.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe eNyuvesi yaseTel Aviv luveze ukuthi uma siziqhathanisa nabanye, asisebenzisi indinganiso ejwayelekile yeqembu, kepha kunalokho sigxila kakhulu kithina, okusenza sikholwe ukuthi siphakeme kunamanye amalungu.
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uJustin Kruger uthole ezifundweni zakhe ukuthi "Lokhu kubandlulula kuphakamisa ukuthi abantu 'bazimise' ngokwabo ekuhloleni amakhono abo futhi 'bazivumelanise' ngokwanele ukuze bangabheki amakhono eqembu eliqhathanisayo". Ngamanye amagama, sizihlola ngokwethu umbono wobugovu.
Ukuphakama okungaphezulu kokukhohlisa, ukukhula okuncane
Umonakalo owenziwe yi-Wobegon ungaphezu kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi inzuzo okusiletha yona.
Abantu abanalokhu kukhetha bangacabanga ukuthi imibono yabo iyona kuphela evumelekile. Futhi ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi bahlakaniphe ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, bagcina bengazwanga lutho olungahambelani nombono wabo womhlaba. Lesi simo sengqondo sibakhawulela ngoba sibavimba ekuvulekeni kweminye imiqondo namathuba.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baba ngabantu abaqinile, abazicabangela bona kanye nabangabekezeleli abangalaleli abanye, kepha ababambelela ezimfundisweni nasezindleleni zabo zokucabanga. Bacisha ukucabanga okubucayi okubavumela ukuthi benze ukuvivinya umzimba ngobuqotho, ngakho-ke bagcina benze izinqumo ezimbi.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-University of Sheffield luphethe ngokuthi asibalekeli umphumela we-Wobegon noma sigula. Laba bacwaningi bacele ababambiqhaza ukuthi balinganisele ukuthi kangaki bona nontanga yabo abaziphatha ngendlela enempilo futhi engenampilo. Abantu babike ukuthi bahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okunempilo kaningi kunokujwayelekile.
Abaphenyi e-University of Ohio bathola ukuthi iziguli eziningi ezinomdlavuza ezigulela ukufa zazicabanga ukuthi zizokweqa obekulindelekile. Inkinga, ngokusho kwalezi zingqondo, ukuthi lokhu kuthenjwa nethemba kwakuvame ukumenza “Khetha ukwelashwa okungasebenzi futhi okuqeda amandla. Esikhundleni sokwelula impilo, lezi zindlela zokwelapha zinciphisa kakhulu izinga lempilo yeziguli futhi zenze buthakathaka ikhono lazo nelomndeni wazo ukulungiselela ukufa kwazo. "
UFriedrich Nietzsche ubekhuluma ngabantu ababhajwe empumelelweni ye-Wobegon ngokubachaza "Bildungsphilisters". Ngalokhu wayeqonde ukuthi labo abaziqhayisa ngolwazi lwabo, ulwazi lwabo namakhono abo, noma ngabe empeleni lokhu kunqunyelwe kakhulu ngoba kusekelwe ocwaningweni lokuzithoba.
Futhi lokhu kungenye yezikhiye zokunciphisa ubandlululo lokuphakama: ukwakha isimo sokudelela ngokwakho. Esikhundleni sokwaneliseka futhi sikholelwe ukuthi singaphezu kwesilinganiso, kufanele sizame ukuqhubeka sikhula, siphonsela inselelo izinkolelo zethu, izindinganiso nendlela yethu yokucabanga.
Ngalokhu kufanele sifunde ukwehlisa umoya ukuze sikhiphe uhlobo oluhle kakhulu lwethu. Ukwazi ukuthi ubandlululo lokuphakama luphela ngokuvuza ukungazi, ukungazi okukhuthazekile okungabalekela kukho.
Imithombo
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Ubhiya, i-JS & Hughes, i-BL (2010) Neural Systems of Social Ukuqhathanisa kanye ne-«Above-average» Effect. I-Neuroimage; 49 (3): 2671-9.
I-Giladi, i-EE ne-Klar, Y. (2002) Lapho amazinga ebanzi emaki: Ukuphakama okungakhethi nokukhetha ukubandlulula kwezahlulelo zokuqhathanisa izinto nemibono. Ijenali ye-Experimental Psychology: Okuvamile; 131 (4): 538-551.
IHoorens, V. noHarris, P. (1998) Ukuhlanekezelwa kwemibiko yokuziphatha kwezempilo: Umphumela wesikhathi nobukhulu bokukhohlisa. Psychology & Impilo; 13 (3): 451-466.
UKruger, J. (1999) uLake Wobegon akasekho! Umphumela «ongaphansi kwesilinganiso» kanye nohlobo lwe-egocentric lokwehlulela kwekhono lokuqhathanisa. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; I-77(2): 221-232.
UVan Yperen, N. W & Buunk, BP (1991) Ukuqhathanisa Okuqokiwe, Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezobudlelwano, kanye ne-Exchange Orientation: Ukuhlobana Kwabo Nokwaneliseka Komshado. Ubuntu ne-Social Psychology Bulletin; 17 (6): 709-717.
UCross, KP (1977) Ngeke yini kodwa ingabe othisha basekolishi bazothuthukiswa? Izinkomba ezintsha zemfundo ephakeme; 17:1-15.
UPreston, u-CE noHarris, S. (1965) Psychology yabashayeli ezingozini zomgwaqo. I-Journal of Appared Psychology; I-49(4): 284-288.
Umnyango Umphumela we-Wobegon, kungani sicabanga ukuthi singaphezu kwesilinganiso? yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
