Ekubuseni kobushiqela bokucabanga okuhle kanye nemisho ekhuthazayo eyenziwe yamnandi, akubonakali kahle ukuthi sigxilise ukunaka kwethu kokubi. Masigweme ukungabi nandaba njengesifo futhi sizame ukukhipha ukungabi nathemba ezimpilweni zethu. Nokho, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule amaStoyiku ayenenye indlela. Babecabanga ukuthi kumelwe silungiselele okubi ngendlela engcono kakhulu ukuze izinkinga zingasizuzisi.
Ngokungafani nendlela evamile yokubona ngeso lengqondo egxile ekudaleni impendulo enhle engokwengqondo neyomzimba, i I-Praemeditatio Malorum okwenziwa amaStoyiku, okubhekwa njengendlela yokubona ngeso lengqondo engemihle, kucabanga ngemiphumela emibi kakhulu ezimweni ezingokoqobo zokuphila ukuze kusenze singasaboni futhi kusilungiselele ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa okungokoqobo, ukubhekana nezinkinga, ngisho nokubangela imizwa yokubonga ngokuphila.
La Praemeditatio Malorum, empeleni, akukona ukubonakaliswa kokungenathemba, kodwa umkhuba wokuqina nokubonga. Inhloso yayo akukhona ukusigaxa ngamashwa angenakubalwa angasehlela, kodwa ukusilungiselela ukubhekana nawo ngokuwaphuca ukushaqeka okungalindelekile. Lokhu okuzama ukukwenza le nqubo ukuthuthukisa umbono weqiniso njengoba linjalo, ngaphandle kokuligcoba.
Umsuka we-Stoic technique I-Praemeditatio Malorum
Umbono ongemuhle, noma i-futurorum malorum præmeditatio, kuyindlela ye buza wazalwa nezazi zefilosofi zaseCyrenaic, kodwa zamukelwa futhi zaduma ngamaStoyiku. Ngempela, le nqubo yaduma ngokushicilelwa kwezincwadi zokuziphatha zikaSeneca.
Kodwa-ke, le nkulumo ithathwe emshweni kaMarco Tulio Cicero, usopolitiki waseRoma kanye nesazi sefilosofi, owathi: "i-præmeditatio futurorum malorum lenit eorum adventum", kusho ukuthini: "ukubikezela ububi besikhathi esizayo kunciphisa ukufika kwabo". Ngenxa yalokho, i- i-futurorum malorum kwaba esinye sezivivinyo ezingokomoya ezaziwa kakhulu zokuphulukiswa komphefumulo esikoleni samaStoyiku.
Ohamba phambili kumaStoyiku asendulo, uChrysippus waseSoli, wakuchaza njengesu proendêmein esivumela ukuthi sijwayele izinto ezingakenzeki, siziphathe sengathi ziyenzeka ngempela.
Isazi sefilosofi esingumStoyiku sakamuva, uPosidonius wase-Apamea, sachaza umqondo we proendêmein: ikhono lokwethula (proanaplattein) ububi besikhathi esizayo, ngendlela yokulandela umkhondo noma isithombe esihlala sitholakala, ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
Ukutholakala kobubi besikhathi esizayo ngendlela yesithombe kusivumela ukuba sizijwayeze lelo shwa, ukuze singamangali uma kwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. Leso sithombe, i ithuphoilindele ububi besikhathi esizayo ngokubenza bube khona. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, nokho, ukuthi izinga lobuchwephesha kanye nokukholeka kwaleso sithombe kufanele kube ngendlela yokuthi lapho ububi buvela esikhathini esizayo, bucishe bungabi namsebenzi.
Ngakho-ke, inhloso yokubona ngeso lengqondo iwukuba sizivikele emiphumeleni yokonakala kobubi obungalindelekile. Eqinisweni, njengoba uSeneca eshilo, “Imiphumela yalokho obekungalindelekile icindezela kakhulu njengoba isisindo salokho obekungalindelekile sengeza enhlekeleleni. Okungalindelekile kuye kwaqinisa ubuhlungu bomuntu. Ngalesi sizathu kufanele senze isiqiniseko sokuthi akukho okusithusayo. Kufanele siveze imicabango yethu esikhathini esizayo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze silandise ngazo zonke izenzakalo ezingase zibe khona, kunokuba sicabange ukuthi izenzakalo zizomane zithathe indawo yazo.
“Kufanele silindele konke okungase kwenzeke futhi siqinise umoya ukuze sibhekane nezinto ezingenzeka. Zizame engqondweni yakho […] Uma singafuni ukuzizwa sikhungathekile futhi siphazanyiswe izehlakalo ezingavamile, njengokungathi izehlakalo ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili; kudingeka sicabange kabusha umqondo wokudalelwa ngokugcwele”.
Amandla okwenza ikusasa libe khona
Amandla okubuka ngeso okungalungile angasukela kokuthile okuncane njengokucabanga ukuthi ulahlekile isitimela sakho kuye enkingeni ebucayi kakhulu, njengokucabanga ukulahlekelwa kwempahla, isimo, impilo, noma ngisho nempilo.
Amandla we I-Praemeditatio Malorum kusenkolelweni yamaStoyiku yokuthi izenzakalo eziningi azimbi ngendlela esicabanga ngayo. Ngempela, ukusebenza kwengqondo kuye kwabonisa ukuthi asinembile kakhulu uma kuziwa ekulinganiseni izinga lenjabulo noma ukuhlupheka izenzakalo ezingase zisibangele.
AmaStoyiku ayekholelwa ukuthi ukuhlupheka nobuhlungu bethu obuningi bubangelwa umbono wethu ngezenzakalo. Babecabanga ukuthi amadoda angenalwazi ayenombono osontekile ngeqiniso, ayewubheka njengosabisa kakhulu futhi unobutha kunalokho okwakuyikho ngempela. Eqinisweni, uSeneca washo lokho "akekho onenhlanhla edlula umuntu okhohlwa izinsizi, kwazise akanalo ithuba lokuzibonakalisa".
Nge I-Praemeditatio Malorum, amaStoyiku akwazi ukuhlanza isenzakalo ezinsalela ezinobuthi zaleyo hermeneutic embi futhi asibuyisela kumuntu ongathathi hlangothi nobuthakathaka emandleni aso okubhubhisa; okungukuthi, sehliselwe esimweni esicishe singabi nandaba.
U-Marcus Aurelius uncomile ngalokhu: “Qala usuku nosuku ngokuthi kuwe: Namuhla ngizohlangana nokuphazamiseka, ukungabongi, inhlamba, ukungathembeki, ubuxhwanguxhwangu kanye nobugovu”.
Kufanele futhi kushiwo ukuthi nakuba kubonakala ukuthi I-Praemeditatio Malorum kuwukuzivocavoca okugxile esikhathini esizayo, empeleni kuyindlela ezama ukunqanda imiphumela yayo engemihle ngokuyenza ibe khona ngesethi ehlelekile nehambisanayo yezithombe noma ithupho.
La i-praemeditatio ephumelelayo yileyo lapho ikusasa liba khona ngendlela engokoqobo, enzima, eqinisekile futhi esheshayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Akukho okugodliwe. Izimo ezimbi kakhulu ziyahlanganiswa futhi zidlalwe ngokuningiliziwe ukuze kulungiswe ingqondo. Ngakho-ke, lelo kusasa liba yi-hyperconsistent ngenxa yesenzo esinamandla sokwethula.
Lokhu kusebenzisana kakhulu kunento yokwelapha eyindida: ukukhansela ubuthi obufakwe ezintweni ezenzeka kithi nge-hermeneutic ekhiqizwa ukwesaba. Kuwukusabela okunobudlova nokungalawuleki lapho usizi lusithatha singalindele.
Ngokusho kwamaStoyiku, ububi obekulindelekile akubona ububi obungenzeka, kodwa ububi obuthile, akubona ububi besikhathi esizayo kodwa ububi obuvele bungokoqobo, abubona ububi obuqhubekayo, kodwa ububi osebufeziwe, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, buyaphela. ukuba ububi. Labo abalungiselwe okubi kakhulu bayohlala benezimpendulo eziningi namathuluzi okubhekana nakho kunalabo abacabanga ukuthi konke kuzolunga.
Indlela yokufaka isicelo I-Praemeditatio Malorum?
USeneca uthe kungcono lungiselela okubi kakhulu ezikhathini ezinhle kakhulu: “ngezikhathi zokulondeka lapho umoya kumelwe uzilungiselele khona izikhathi ezinzima; ngenkathi inhlanhla ikunikeza okuhle, sekuyisikhathi sokuthi uziqinise ngokumelene nokwenqaba kwayo […] ngoba uma ingcebo ilungile, umphefumulo ungakha izivikelo ekuthukutheleni kwawo”.
“Ubufakazi engqondweni yakho: ukudingiswa, ukuhlukunyezwa, impi, ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi. Yonke le mibono yabantu kufanele ibe phambi kwamehlo ethu [...] "Thatha isonto lapho unokudla okuncane, okumpofu nokuphakathi, ugqoke kabi kakhulu, futhi uzibuze ukuthi ngabe lokhu kubi kakhulu okungenzeka kuwe" .
Ngakho-ke, kumayelana nokwenza lokho kanye: ukucabanga ngokubi kakhulu okungenzeka uma sithatha iphrojekthi entsha, sesizoqala ubudlelwano obusha, noma sidlule esimeni soshintsho ezimpilweni zethu. Singabhala ngisho nohlu lwazo zonke izinto ezizosethusa esikhathini esizayo, njengokulahlekelwa umsebenzi, ukuhlukana noma ukugula.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele sizibuze: yini embi kakhulu engenzeka uma…? Imfihlo iwukukhulula ithemba elikhona kithina, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba yizinhlekelele. Lapho sibona ngeso lengqondo ukuthi yini embi kakhulu engasehlela, senza izinto ezimbili: ukukhathazeka kuyancipha ngoba siyaqonda ukuthi cishe akukho okubi, okungaxazululeki noma okuyinhlekelele njengoba kubonakala, futhi okwesibili, sizikhuthaza ukuba sibheke izixazululo ezingase zibe khona. .
Kodwa-ke, isifundo sangempela sale nqubo yokubuka engeyinhle ukuthi zonke izinsuku ziyisipho okumelwe ubongwe ngaso. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo izenzakalo ezingase zibe khona ezingalindelekile zempilo ngaleyo ndlela kuba isenzo sokubonga nokuhlukanisa okusenza siqine ngokwengeziwe, kusilungiselela ikusasa. Hhayi-ke, ilokho okuyikho: ukuphila ngaphandle kokwesaba kuyakukhubaza. Uma kufanele kwenzeke okuthile, kuzokwenzeka. Kodwa uma sizilungiselele, singanciphisa umthelela wako.
Imithombo
U-Alessandrelli, M. (2020) I-Praemeditatio malorum. Ku: Isikhungo Se-European Intellectual Lexicon kanye Nomlando Wemibono.
Miller, SA (2015) Ebhekise Kumkhuba WePragmatism YamaStoic. I-Pluralist; 10 (2): 150-171.
Umnyango I-Praemeditatio Malorum, indlela ye-stoic ukuze ukuhlupheka kungakushaqisi yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
