Izinto ezishintsha isimo sokuqaphela ziye zasetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka. Abapristi nama-shaman badle izitshalo ukuze bawele ezindaweni ezihlukanisayo futhi i-Ebers papyrus, enye yezincwadi zezokwelapha ezindala kunazo zonke esintwini, ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwembewu ye-poppy ngezinjongo zokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, abaningi baphinde baqaphela imiphumela emibi yalezi zinto namandla azo okulutha. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Aristotle, waxwayisa ngokuthi ukuphuza ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungase kube ingozi, futhi udokotela ongumRoma uCelsus wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuluthwa iziphuzo ezidakayo kuyisifo.
Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokwelapha zokulutheka zakuqala zazingamaqili futhi ngokuvamile ziyingozi noma iatrogenic. Ngeminyaka yawo-1800, isibonelo, ukuluthwa kotshwala ne-opium kwelashwa nge-morphine, i-cocaine nokunye okubizwa ngokuthi "izidakamizwa" okwadala ngempumelelo ukulutheka okusha. Imithi yokwelapha efana nokushaqeka okushisayo ngamanzi abandayo, ukungeniswa kwe-coma nge-bromide noma i-insulin, noma ama-lobotomies kanye nokushaqeka kukagesi kwasakazeka kamuva, okwagcina kudala izinkinga eziningi kunalokho ezizixazululile.
Konke kwaqala ukushintsha maphakathi nawo-20 lapho ukwelashwa okusekelayo kwethulwa ukuze kube lula ukukhipha ubuthi obusekelwe ekuqondeni nasekusizeni okufanayo. Namuhla, ngenxa yentuthuko ku-neuroscience, singakuqonda kangcono ukuziphatha okuluthayo kanye nezinhlelo zokuklama zokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwengqondo kokulutheka okusebenza ngempela okubeka umuntu kanye nenhlalakahle yakhe phakathi nendawo. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zenziwa ochwepheshe abaneziqu zePsychology noma Psychiatry ezikhethekile ekwelapheni ukuba umlutha wezidakamizwa, ukuze kulandelwe indlela yesayensi, eqhathaniswa nokusebenza komtholampilo.
Izindlela eziyinhloko ekwelapheni okungokwengqondo kokulutha
“Akukho ukwelashwa okukodwa okusebenzela wonke umuntu. Ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo yilolo oluhlanganisa zonke izidingo zesiguli, hhayi kuphela mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, futhi oludlulela isikhathi eside njengoba kudingekile ", ithi Isikhungo seNational on Abuse Abuse wase-United States.
Okufanayo nakho kuyaphawula ukuthi "Ukwelulekwa kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelapha zokuziphatha yizindlela ezivame kakhulu zokwelapha". Eqinisweni, ukulutheka kuyinkinga ye-psychophysical, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukubhekana nezimbangela ezingokwengqondo nezendawo ezungezile, kanye nokusiza umuntu ukuthi abhekane nezimo ezimbi ezingokomzwelo ahlangabezana nazo futhi umnikeze amathuluzi okugwema ukuphindeka.
Ku-psychology, kunezindlela eziningana zokusiza abantu abafuna ukukhipha ubuthi. Nakuba ukwelashwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha kwaba ngeyokuqala ukuphendula ezinkingeni ezibangelwa ukulutheka futhi kuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi kucwaningwe ngokwesayensi, zikhona nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo nezisebenzayo.
1. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha
Lolu hlobo lokwelapha ngokulutha luhlanganisa izimiso zethiyori yokuziphatha, ithiyori yokufunda komphakathi, kanye nokwelashwa kwengqondo, okwenza kube indlela ephelele, ebanzi futhi ephumelelayo yokwelapha izinkinga zokusebenzisa izidakamizwa nokuvimbela ukuphindeka.
Umelaphi othinta ingqondo nokuziphatha ufundisa umuntu amasu okuzithiba amvumela ukuthi alawule kangcono imizwelo. Sebenza nomuntu ukuze umsize abone izimo lapho angase asebenzise izinto futhi athole izindlela zokuzigwema. Kuphinde kuthuthukise amakhono akhe okubhekana nezimo eziyingozi ngokuphumelelayo futhi kumqeqeshe ukuba agweme ukuphindaphinda.
Ngokuhlaziya ukusebenza, ukwelashwa kwengqondo-yokuziphatha kukhomba okwandulela kanye nemiphumela yokulutheka, ukuze umuntu aqonde umthelela wako. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo simsiza ukuba ahlaziye ukuqonda nezinkolelo ezihlobene nokuziphatha okuluthayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amasu avumelana nezimo ahloselwe ukuqeda ukuziphatha, imicabango kanye nemizwelo ehlobene nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma ezinye izinhlobo zokulutheka.
2. Izindlela zokwelapha zobuntu kanye nezikhona
Izindlela zokwelapha zobuntu kanye nezikhona zigcizelela isidingo sokuqonda isipiliyoni somuntu, ngakho-ke zigxila kumuntu, kunophawu. Izinkinga zengqondo, kuhlanganise nokulutheka, zibhekene nomphumela wokungakwazi ukukhetha indlela yokuphila efanele kakhulu.
Lolu hlobo lokwelapha ngokulutheka lugcizelela inkululeko yomuntu siqu nokuzibophezela ngokukhuthaza ukwamukela, ukukhula nokuzibophezela. Indlela yobuntu, ngokwesibonelo, ibheka ukuthi sonke sinamandla okuhlala sinempilo nokuthi singakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinhle nezizuzisa thina nabanye, ngakho ukwelapha kugxile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komuntu siqu esikhundleni sokugxila kuphela kokuthi ngiyaphazamisa.
Endabeni ye-existentialist approach, umeluleki usiza umuntu ukuba athole incazelo yokuphila kwakhe, kanye nokucabanga nokwenza ngendlela eyiqiniso nethembekile. Kulokhu kwelashwa okungokwengqondo kokulutheka, kucatshangwa ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko yenkinga ukungahlaliseki nokucindezeleka okubangelwa isizungu, ukuzihlukanisa kanye nokuntuleka kwencazelo, ngakho lezi yizinkinga ezidingidwa kakhulu ngezikhathi. Ngokuvamile, ziyizindlela zokwelapha ezisekelwe ekuzweleni nasekulaleleni okucabangelayo okukhuthaza ukwamukela nokuyekethisa.
3. Ukwelashwa kwengqondo okufushane
Ukwelashwa kwe-Psychodynamic kugxile endleleni izinqubo zokuquleka ezibonakala ngayo ekuziphatheni kwamanje komuntu. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuqonda ukuthi okwedlule kukuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwamanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuqwashisa ngalezo zici eziqulekile ezidala noma ezibhebhezela ukulutheka.
Ngemodi emfushane, umuntu uhlaziya izimpawu zabo, izingxabano ezingaxazululiwe kanye nobudlelwano obungasebenzi obuvela esikhathini esidlule futhi obuzibonakalisa ngesidingo sokusebenzisa kabi izinto. Kulokhu, umelaphi uvame ukugxila ekungeneleleni ekugxilweni okuncane okuhlobene nokulutheka.
I-psychotherapy esekelayo evezayo, isibonelo, iwuhlobo lokwelapha kwengqondo okuguquguqukayo okuguqulelwe ekusebenziseni kabi izidakamizwa okusekelwe futhi embonweni wokuthi ukulutheka kwakheke okuhlangenwe nakho okwakhayo kwempilo. Kulokhu, amasu okusekela ayahlanganiswa ukuze avumele abantu ukuba bakhulume ngokunethezeka mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu nemizwelo ngamasu avezayo abavumela ukuba bakhombe futhi baxazulule izinkinga ebudlelwaneni babo phakathi kwabantu.
4. Ukwelashwa komndeni okufushane
Izinkinga ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa azenzeki zodwa. Ezimweni eziningi, umndeni oshintshashintshayo wemvelaphi noma wamanje usebenza njengesicupho sokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa noma ungaqhubekisela phambili lokho kuziphatha okungasebenzi kahle. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuxhumana namalungu omkhaya kungase kubhebhethekise inkinga noma, ngokuphambene, kube nengxenye ekuxazululeni kwayo.
Ukwelashwa komndeni kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi lapho umuntu eyimilutha, uthonywa kakhulu amalungu omndeni, ukuziphatha kwawo kanye/noma indlela yakhe yokuxhumana. Ukuze siqonde lokhu okuguquguqukayo, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sihlaziya izici ezifana nezikhundla zamandla, izindima nezindlela zokuxhumana emndenini. Ngalesi sizathu, izikhathi eziningi zibandakanya abanye abantu, njengabazali, abalingani noma izingane.
Ngokwelashwa komndeni, umuntu uyasizwa ukuthi abone izindawo ezingasebenzi kahle futhi athathele indawo yokukhulumisana okunganele kanye namaphethini obudlelwano ngokuxhumana okucacile, okuqondile futhi okuphumelelayo lapho kunemikhawulo enempilo. Lolu hlobo lokwelapha luvame ukusetshenziswa lapho umndeni ungasiza umuntu ukuthi alulame noma ehlangabezana nemiphumela ewohlokayo yokulutheka kwelungu lawo elilodwa.
5. Ukwelashwa kweqembu
Ukwelashwa kweqembu kungenye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwelapheni imilutha. Kuwusizo ngoba kuvumela abantu ukuthi babone ukuqhubeka kokuziphatha kwabo okuluthayo ngabo kanye nokubheka abanye, kanye nokukhiqiza ukuzibophezela eqenjini, okusiza ukululama esimweni sokusekela, ukuqonda kanye nethemba.
Kukhona futhi amamodeli amaningana okwelashwa kweqembu kokulutha:
• Amaqembu e-Psychoeducational. Umgomo wabo oyinhloko uwukuqwashisa ngemiphumela yokuziphatha, yezokwelapha kanye nengqondo yokulutheka. Baphinde banikeze amathuluzi abantu ukuze bafunde ukuhlonza, ukugwema nokuphatha izimo zangaphakathi nezimo zangaphandle ezihlobene nokulutheka.
• Amaqembu okuthuthukisa amakhono. Empeleni bangamaqembu aqeqesha ngamakhono okubhekana nesimo ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuzuza futhi balondoloze isimo sokuzithiba. Bafundisa amalungu abo ukuba enqabe ukunikezwa kwezidakamizwa, bagweme izinto ezibangela ukusetshenziswa, ukulawula isifiso sokuzisebenzisa, ukubhekana nemizwa efana nentukuthelo, futhi uphumule.
• Amaqembu okusekela. Kula maqembu, umsebenzi wamalungu nokuzibophezela kuyaqiniswa ukuthuthukisa amakhono omphakathi nokulawula imicabango nemizwelo ehlobene nokusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokululama. Abantu bayesekelana futhi babelane ngezeluleko ezisebenzayo zokuthi ungazithiba kanjani futhi ulawule izinselele zempilo yansuku zonke. Lolu hlobo lokwelapha ngokulutheka luphinde lusetshenziselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuzethemba nokwandisa ukuzethemba kwamalungu.
Kafushane, kunezindlela eziningana zokwelapha ezingokwengqondo zokulutheka. Ngamunye wabo uthatha indlela ehlukile, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bonke bafaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni amakhono angokwengqondo abantu abawadingayo ukuze babhekane nokulutheka. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqala futhi ucele usizo olukhethekile.
Imithombo
(2019) Enfoques de tratamiento para la drogadicción. Ku: I-National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA). - akukho ukulandela
Crocq, M. (2007) Izici zomlando namasiko zobudlelwane bomuntu nezidakamizwa eziluthayo. Izingxoxo Clin Neurosci; 9 (4): 355–361.
Ukuxhashazwa Kwezidakamizwa kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezinsizakalo Zezempilo Yengqondo (2005) Izinhlobo Ezi-2 Zamaqembu Avame Ukusetshenzwa Ekulapheni Ngokuxhashazwa Kwezidakamizwa. Ku: Uchungechunge Lokuthuthukiswa Kokwelashwa (TIP); 41.
Sánchez, E. & Gradolí, V. (2001) Intervención psicológica en conductas adictivas. Trastornos Adictivos; 3 (1): 21-27.
Umnyango Izinhlobo ezi-5 zokwelapha ezingokwengqondo zokulutheka yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
