Sivame ukucabanga ukuthi imicimbi eminingi ayenzeki ngengozi, kepha inencazelo enengqondo. Yingakho sibheka izizathu ezichaza izenzo zabanye nezethu. Sizama ukuthola izimbangela zokuziphatha kwabo. Lokhu kusesha okuyimbangela kususa ethubeni futhi kusivumela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenza umqondo wezwe futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubona kusengaphambili izenzo ezizayo.
Ukunikeza izimbangela esenzweni yinto eyaziwa ngokuthi “isichasiso”. Impela, usosayikholoji wezenhlalo, uLee Ross, wathi sonke siziphatha "njengabafundi bezengqondo abanembile" ngoba sizama ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha bese sicabangela abantu nezindawo zomphakathi abasebenza kuzo.
Kodwa-ke, asijwayele ukuba "izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezingakhethi", kepha sithambekele ekubambeni abantu baziphendulele, sinciphise umthelela womongo. Ngemuva kwalokho senza iphutha lesichasiso esiyisisekelo noma ukungafani kahle.
Yini iphutha lesisekelo lokunikeza?
Lapho sizama ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha singabheka zombili izici zangaphakathi zomuntu nezinto zangaphandle zomongo lapho kwenzeka khona lokho kuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, singasho ngokusobala ukuthi indlela yokuziphatha iziphendulela kulowo muntu, izisusa zakhe, izici zobuntu bakhe nobuntu bakhe, okufana nalokhu: "Ufike emva kwesikhathi ngoba unqena", noma singabheka umongo bese sicabanga: "Ufike emuva kwesikhathi ngoba bekugcwele izimoto".
Njengoba kungekho muntu osebenza yedwa endaweni yakhe, into enengqondo kunazo zonke ongayenza ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha ukuhlanganisa ithonya lamandla angaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngale ndlela kuphela lapho sizokwazi ukuthola umbono njengenhloso ngangokunokwenzeka kuzo zonke izinto eziphoqa umuntu ukuthi enze ngendlela ethile.
Kunoma ikuphi, abantu abaningi bayizisulu zokubandlululwa futhi bathambekele ekuqhakambiseni umthelela wezinto ezishukumisayo noma zesimo ngokunciphisa umthelela womongo, lokhu kwaziwa njengephutha lesisekelo lokunikeza.
Isibonelo, cabanga ngesimo okungenzeka uhlangabezane naso: ushayela buthule lapho ngokungazelelwe ubona imoto ngejubane elikhulu ifica wonke umuntu ngendlela ethile yobudedengu. Into yokuqala ewela emqondweni wakho mhlawumbe ayikuthophi ncamashi. Ungase ucabange ukuthi ungumshayeli onobudedengu noma odle izidakamizwa. Kepha kungaba ngumuntu onesimo esiphuthumayo sokuphila noma sokufa. Kodwa-ke, umfutho wokuqala uvame ukwenza izahlulelo ngomlingiswa wawo, unciphise okuguqukayo kwemvelo okunganquma ukusebenza kwayo.
Kungani sisola abanye?
URoss ukholelwa ukuthi sinika isisindo esengeziwe ezintweni zangaphakathi ngoba zilula kithina. Lapho singamazi umuntu noma izimo zakhe, kuba lula ukuthola izimo ezithile zobuntu kuye ekuziphatheni kwakhe kunokuhlola konke ukuguquguquka okungaba khona kokuqukethwe okungamthonya. Lokhu kusiholela ekutheni sikuphendule.
Kodwa-ke, incazelo iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ekugcineni, sithwala abanye baphendule ngoba sivame ukukholelwa ukuthi isimilo sincike entandweni yethu. Inkolelo yokuthi sinesibopho sezenzo zethu isivumela ukuthi sicabange ukuthi singabaphathi bezimpilo zethu, esikhundleni sokuba ngamaqabunga nje aqhutshwa umoya wezimo. Lokhu kusinikeza umuzwa wokulawula esizimisele ukuwuyeka. Ngokuyisisekelo, sisola abanye ngoba sifuna ukukholelwa ukuthi silawula ngokuphelele izimpilo zethu.
Eqinisweni, iphutha lesibaluli eliyisisekelo futhi lihlala kufayela le- ukukholelwa ezweni elinobulungiswa. Ukucabanga ukuthi wonke umuntu uthola lokho okumfanele nokuthi uma behlangabezana nobunzima ngendlela kungenxa yokuthi "bayifunile" noma abazamanga kanzima, kunciphisa indima yezemvelo futhi kukhulise izici zangaphakathi. Ngalo mqondo, abacwaningi baseYunivesithi yaseTexas bathole ukuthi imiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga ijwayele ukwenza abantu baphendule ngezenzo zabo, kuyilapho amasiko aseMpumalanga agxila kakhulu ezimeni zesimo noma senhlalo.
Izinkolelo ezibangelwa yiphutha lokunikezwa okuyisisekelo zingaba yingozi kakhulu ngoba, ngokwesibonelo, singabeka izisulu zodlame kubo noma singacabanga ukuthi abantu abakhishwa inyumbazana ngumphakathi yibona ababophezeleke ngokuphelele emaphutheni awo. Ngenxa yephutha lesibaluli esiyisisekelo, singacabanga ukuthi labo abenza "okubi" bangabantu ababi ngoba asizihluphi ngokucabanga ngokuqukethwe noma ukwakheka kwezinto.
Ngakho-ke akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi iphutha elibalulekile lokunikezwa likhuliswa lapho kuchazwa izincazelo zokuziphatha okungafanele. Uma umcimbi usethusa futhi usenza singazinzi, sithambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi ngandlela thile, isisulu sinecala. Ithemba lokucabanga ukuthi umhlaba awulungile futhi ezinye izinto ezenzeka ngokungahleliwe ziyethusa kakhulu, njengoba ucwaningo olwenziwe e-University of Ohio lukhombisa. Ngokuyisisekelo, sigxeka izisulu ngokusisiza sizizwe siphephe kakhudlwana futhi siphinde siqinisekise umbono wethu wezwe.
Lokhu kufakazelwa wucwaningo olwenziwe yiqembu lezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezivela emanyuvesi aseWashington nase-Illinois. Laba bacwaningi bacela abantu abangama-380 ukuthi bafunde i-eseyi bachaza nokuthi isihloko sikhethwe ngokungahleliwe ngokuphenya uhlamvu lwemali, okusho ukuthi umbhali bekungadingeki avumelane nokuqukethwe.
Abanye ababambiqhaza bafunda inguqulo ye-eseyi bexhasa izinqubomgomo zokufakwa kwabasebenzi nabanye baphikisana nazo. Ngemuva kwalokho bekufanele bakhombise ukuthi isimo sengqondo sombhali waleyo eseyi sasiyini. Ama-53% wabahlanganyeli asho kumbhali isimo sengqondo esihambisana ne-eseyi: izimo zokuthambekela kokufaka uma ngabe i-eseyi bekungukuvuma okuvumayo nokuphikisana nokufakwa lapho i-eseyi iphikisana nezinqubomgomo ezinjalo.
Bangu-27% kuphela ababambe iqhaza abakhombise ukuthi abakwazi ukwazi isikhundla sombhali wesifundo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuveza ukungaboni kahle kwezimo kanye nokwahlulela ngokuxhamazela, okusiholela ekutheni sisole abanye ngaphandle kokubheka izimo eziyimbangela.
Iphutha ngelakho, hhayi elami
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iphutha lesibaluli eliyisisekelo livame ukuvezwa kwabanye, kuyaqabukela thina. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi siyizisulu zalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi- "bias-observer bias".
Lapho sibona indlela umuntu aziphatha ngayo, sithambekele ekuchazeni izenzo zabo kubuntu babo noma ekugqugquzelweni kwangaphakathi, hhayi esimweni, kepha uma singabaphikisi, sivame ukubeka izenzo zethu ezingeni lesimo. Ngamanye amagama, uma othile engaziphathi kahle, sithatha ngokuthi ungumuntu omubi; kepha uma singaziphathi kahle, kungenxa yezimo.
Lokhu kukhetha ukukhetha akubangelwa kuphela ukuthi sizama ukuzithethelela futhi sigcine ama-egos ethu ephephile, kepha futhi nokuthi sazi kangcono umongo lapho kwenzeka khona ukuziphatha okukhulunywa ngakho.
Isibonelo, uma umuntu ehlangana nathi kubha enabantu abaningi, sithambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi abanaki noma bayadelela, kepha uma siphoqa othile, sicabanga ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi bekungekho isikhala esanele ngoba asizibheki njengabanganaki umuntu noma ukudelela. Uma umuntu eshibilika esikhwameni sikabhanana, sicabanga ukuthi siyaxaka, kodwa uma sishelela sizosola ikhasi laso. Kunjalo nje.
Vele, kwesinye isikhathi nathi singaba yizisulu zokungafani. Isibonelo, abacwaningi abavela ku IPerelman School of Medicine ithole ukuthi abanye abatakuli bazizwa benecala elikhulu ngesibalo esikhulu sokufa esenzeka ngemuva kwenhlekelele. Okwenzekayo ukuthi laba bantu badlulisa amandla abo namandla abo ezenzweni zabo, bakhohlwe konke okuguqukayo okungaphezu kwamandla abo ezimweni eziyinhlekelele.
Ngokufanayo, singazisola ngokwethu ngamashwa enzeka kubantu abasondele, yize empeleni ukulawula kwethu izimo nezinqumo zabo kuncane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuchema kokunikezwayo kusiholela ekucabangeni ukuthi ngabe singenza okuningi kakhulu ukugwema ubunzima, empeleni singenabo.
Singalibalekela kanjani iphutha eliyisisekelo lokuchazwa?
Ukunciphisa imiphumela yephutha lesisekelo sokudalula sidinga ukwenza kusebenze ukuzwelana futhi sizibuze: "Ukube bengisesicathulweni salowo muntu, bengingasichaza kanjani isimo?"
Lokhu kuguqulwa kombono kuzosivumela ukuthi siguqule ngokuphelele isimo sesimo kanye nezinto esizenzayo mayelana nokuziphatha. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo olwenziwe e-University of the West of England luthole ukuthi ukushintsha kombono ngomlomo kuyasisiza ekulweni nalokhu kukhetha.
Lezi zingcweti zokusebenza kwengqondo zibuze ababambiqhaza imibuzo ebaphoqe ukuba baguqule imibono yabo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile (mina-wena, lapha-lapho, manje-ke). Ngakho-ke bathole ukuthi abantu abathola lolu qeqesho ukuze bashintshe umbono wabo mancane amathuba okuthi basole abanye futhi babhekele nezimo zezemvelo ukubachazela ngokwenzekile.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele nje ukuthi siziphathe ngokukhanya kozwela, sizibeke ezicathulweni zomunye umuntu ukuzama ukumqonda ngamehlo akhe.
Kusho ukuthi ngokuzayo lapho sesizokwahlulela othile, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi singahle sihlushwe yiphutha lesibaluli esiyisisekelo. Esikhundleni sokumsola noma sicabange ukuthi ungumuntu "omubi", kufanele simane sizibuze: "Ukube benginguye lowo muntu, kungani ngingenza into enjalo?"
Lokhu kuguqulwa kombono kuzosivumela ukuthi sibe ngabantu abazwelayo nabazwisisayo, abantu abangaphili ngokwahlulela abanye, kepha abane ukuvuthwa ngokwengqondo kwanele ukuqonda ukuthi akukho okumnyama noma okumhlophe.
Imithombo
UHan, J., LaMarra, D., Vapiwala, N. (2017) Usebenzisa izifundo ezivela ku-psychology yezenhlalo ukuguqula isiko lokudalulwa kwamaphutha. Imfundo Yezokwelapha; 51 (10): 996-1001.
Hooper, N. et. I-Al. (2015) Ukubukwa kokubukwa kunciphisa iphutha lesichasiso esiyisisekelo. Ijenali Yesayensi Yokuziphatha Okuqukethwe; 4 (2): 69-72.
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URoss, L. & Anderson, C. (1982) Amaphutha enqubeni yesichasiso: Kumvelaphi nasekugcinweni kokuhlolwa okuyiphutha komphakathi. Ingqungquthela: Ukwahlulela ngaphansi kokungaqiniseki: I-Heuristics ne-biases.
URoss, L. (1977) Isazi Sezengqondo Esinembile Nokushiyeka Kwakhe: Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwenqubo Yesabelo. Inqubekela phambili ku-Experimental Social Psychology; (10): 173-220.
Umnyango Iphutha lesichasiso esiyisisekelo: ukusola abantu ngokukhohlwa umongo yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo Ikhona lePsychology.
