Tikadakhala kuti tonsefe tidali anzeru komanso anzeru monga timaganizira, dziko lapansi likadakhala malo abwinoko mopanda malire. Vuto ndiloti zotsatira za Wobegon zimalowererapo pakati pa momwe timadziwonera tokha ndi zenizeni.
Nyanja ya Wobegon ndi mzinda wongopeka wokhala ndi anthu ena makamaka chifukwa azimayi onse ndi olimba, amunawo ndi owoneka bwino ndipo ana ndi anzeru kuposa onse. Mzindawu, wopangidwa ndi wolemba komanso wanthabwala Garrison Keillor, adadzipatsa dzina loti "Wobegon", malingaliro atsankho apamwamba omwe amadziwikanso kuti kupambana kopusitsa.
Zotsatira za Wobegon ndi chiyani?
Zinali 1976 pomwe College Board idapereka imodzi mwazitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zakusankha kopitilira muyeso. Mwa mamiliyoni a ophunzira omwe adalemba mayeso a SAT, 70% adakhulupirira kuti anali pamwambapa, zomwe zinali, zosatheka, zosatheka.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, katswiri wama psychology a Patricia Cross adazindikira kuti popita nthawi kukula kopusikaku kumatha kukulirakulira. Mwa kufunsa aphunzitsi ku Yunivesite ya Nebraska, adapeza kuti 94% amaganiza kuti luso lawo la kuphunzitsa linali lokwera ndi 25%.
Chifukwa chake, zomwe zimapangitsa Wobegon kukhala chizolowezi choganiza kuti ndife abwino kuposa ena, kudziyikira tokha pamwambapa, tikukhulupirira kuti tili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino, mikhalidwe ndi maluso pomwe tikuchepetsa zoyipa.
Wolemba Kathryn Schulz adalongosola momveka bwino kukondera uku panthawi yodziyesa: "Ambiri aife timakhala moyo wathu wonse tikuganiza kuti ndife olondola kwenikweni, nthawi zonse, makamaka pazonse: zikhulupiriro zathu zandale komanso luntha, zikhulupiriro zathu zachipembedzo, zamakhalidwe, kuweruza anthu ena, zikumbukiro zathu, kumvetsetsa kwathu zowona… Ngakhale titayima kuti tiganizire za izi zikuwoneka ngati zopanda pake, chilengedwe chathu chimawoneka ngati chikuganiza kuti ndife odziwa zonse ”.
M'malo mwake, mphamvu ya Wobegon imafikira magawo onse amoyo. Palibe chomwe chimathawa. Titha kuganiza kuti ndife owona mtima, anzeru, otsimikiza mtima komanso owolowa manja kuposa ena.
Kukondera uku kopitilira muyeso kumatha kufikira ku maubale. Mu 1991, akatswiri azamisala Van Yperen ndi Buunk adazindikira kuti anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ubale wawo ndiwabwino kuposa anzawo.
Kukondera kosagwirizana ndi umboni
Zotsatira za Wobegon ndizosagwirizana kwenikweni. M'malo mwake, nthawi zina timakana kutsegula maso athu ngakhale ku umboni wosonyeza kuti mwina sitikhala anzeru kapena anzeru monga timaganizira.
Mu 1965, akatswiri a zamaganizidwe a Preston ndi Harris adafunsa madalaivala 50 kuchipatala pambuyo pangozi yagalimoto, 34 mwa iwo anali ndi vuto lomweli, malinga ndi zomwe apolisi adalemba. Anafunsanso madalaivala 50 kuti adziwe zoyendetsa bwino. Adapeza kuti madalaivala a magulu onse awiriwa amaganiza kuti luso lawo loyendetsa linali pamwamba kuposa anthu, ngakhale omwe adachita ngoziyo.
Zili ngati kuti tikupanga fano lathu lokhala mwala lomwe ndi lovuta kusintha, ngakhale titakumana ndi umboni wamphamvu kuti izi sizomwe zili choncho. M'malo mwake, asayansi yamaubongo ku University of Texas apeza kuti pali mtundu wa neural womwe umathandizira kukondera kumeneku ndikutipangitsa kuweruza umunthu wathu kukhala abwino komanso abwino kuposa ena.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, adapezanso kuti kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe kumawonjezera chiweruzo chamtunduwu. Mwanjira ina, tikapanikizika kwambiri, timakhala ndi chizolowezi cholimbitsa chikhulupiriro chathu kuti ndife apamwamba. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kukana kumeneku kumakhala ngati njira yodzitetezera kudzidalira kwathu.
Tikakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzisintha ndikukhala ndi chithunzi chomwe tili nacho, titha kuyankha potseka maso athu kuumboni kuti tisakhumudwe kwambiri. Makinawa palokha siabwino chifukwa atha kutipatsa nthawi yomwe tikufunika kuti tikwaniritse zomwe zachitika ndikusintha chithunzi chomwe tili nacho kuti chikhale chowona.
Vuto limayamba tikamamatira pachinyengo chimenecho ndikukana kuvomereza zolakwa ndi zolakwika zathu. Zikatero, okhudzidwa kwambiri adzakhala ife tokha.
Kodi tsankho lodzikweza limachokera kuti?
Timakulira pagulu lomwe limatiuza kuyambira tili aang'ono kuti ndife "apadera" ndipo nthawi zambiri timatamandidwa chifukwa cha luso lathu osati zomwe takwanitsa kuchita komanso kuyesetsa kwathu. Izi zimakhazikitsa maziko opangira chithunzi cholakwika cha ziyeneretso zathu, malingaliro athu, kapena malingaliro athu ndi maluso athu.
Chomveka ndichakuti tikamakhwima timakhala ndi malingaliro owona bwino pamaluso athu ndipo timazindikira zoperewera ndi zofooka zathu. Koma sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina tsankho lodzikweza limayamba.
M'malo mwake, tonsefe timakonda kudziona kuti ndife abwino. Akatifunsa zaumoyo wathu, tiwunikiranso za mikhalidwe yathu, zikhulupiriro zathu ndi maluso athu, kotero kuti tikadziyerekeza ndi ena, timamva bwino. Ndi zachilendo. Vuto ndiloti nthawi zina malingaliro amatha kusewera, kutipangitsa kuti tiike patsogolo maluso athu, machitidwe athu ndi machitidwe athu kuposa ena.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati timakhala ochezeka kuposa ambiri, tidzakhala ndi chizolowezi choganiza kuti kucheza ndi mkhalidwe wofunikira kwambiri ndipo tiziwunika udindo wawo pamoyo. Ndikothekanso kuti, ngakhale tili oona mtima, tidzakokomeza kukhulupirika kwathu podziyerekeza ndi ena.
Chifukwa chake, tikhulupirira kuti, koposa zonse, tili pamwambapa chifukwa tapanga mikhalidwe yomwe "imapanga kusiyana" m'moyo.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku Yunivesite ya Tel Aviv adawonetsa kuti tikadziyerekeza ndi ena, sitigwiritsa ntchito zomwe gulu limachita, koma timangoyang'ana pa ife tokha, zomwe zimatipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti ndife apamwamba kuposa mamembala ena onse.
Katswiri wamaganizidwe Justin Kruger adapeza m'maphunziro ake kuti "Tsankho ili likuwonetsa kuti anthu 'amadzilimbitsa' pakuwunika maluso awo ndipo 'amasintha' mosakwanira kuti asaganizire kuthekera kwa gulu lofananalo". Mwanjira ina, timadziyesa tokha potengera zomwe tili nazo.
Kukula kopitilira muyeso, kukula pang'ono
Kuwonongeka kwa zotsatira za Wobegon kumatha kuposetsa phindu lililonse lomwe lingatibweretsere.
Anthu omwe ali ndi tsankho angayambe kuganiza kuti malingaliro awo ndiwo okhawo ovomerezeka. Ndipo chifukwa amakhulupiriranso kuti ndi anzeru kuposa ambiri, pamapeto pake samva chilichonse chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi malingaliro awo adziko lapansi. Izi zimawalepheretsa chifukwa zimawalepheretsa kuti atsegule malingaliro ena ndi zotheka.
M'kupita kwanthawi, amakhala okhwima, odzikonda komanso osalolera omwe samvera ena, koma amamatira kuziphunzitso zawo ndi malingaliro awo. Amasiya kuganiza mozama komwe kumawalola kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mozama, motero amatha kusankha molakwika.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku University of Sheffield adatsimikiza kuti sitithawa zotsatira za Wobegon ngakhale tikudwala. Ofufuzawa adapempha ophunzira kuti alingalire momwe iwo ndi anzawo amachitira zinthu zosayenera komanso zosayenera. Anthu anenapo kuti ali ndi machitidwe athanzi nthawi zambiri kuposa pafupipafupi.
Ofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Ohio adapeza kuti ambiri omwe ali ndi khansa yodwala matendawa amaganiza kuti apitilira zomwe amayembekezera. Vuto, malinga ndi akatswiri a zamaganizowa, ndikuti chidaliro ndi chiyembekezo nthawi zambiri zimamupangitsa “Sankhani mankhwala osagwira ntchito ndi ofooketsa. M'malo motalikitsa moyo, mankhwalawa amachepetsa kwambiri moyo wa odwala ndikufooketsa kuthekera kwawo komanso kwa mabanja awo kukonzekera kumwalira. "
Friedrich Nietzsche anali kutanthauza anthu omwe atsekeredwa mu mphamvu ya Wobegon powafotokozera "Bildungsphilisters". Mwa ichi amatanthauza iwo omwe amadzitamandira chifukwa cha kudziwa kwawo, luso lawo komanso maluso awo, ngakhale zitakhala zochepa chifukwa chokhazikika pakudzifufuza kokhako.
Ndipo ichi ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti muchepetse tsankho lakudziposa: kukhala ndi malingaliro odzinyalanyaza. M'malo mokhutira ndikukhulupirira kuti ndife opitilira muyeso, tiyenera kuyesetsa kukula, kutsutsa zikhulupiriro zathu, malingaliro athu ndi malingaliro athu.
Pachifukwa ichi tiyenera kuphunzira kukhazika mtima pansi kuti tipeze zabwino zathu. Kudziwa kuti tsankho lodzikweza limatha ndikubwezera umbuli, umbuli wolimbikitsidwa womwe ungakhale bwino kuthawa.
Malire:
Wolf, JH & Wolf, KS (2013) Zotsatira za Nyanja Wobegon: Kodi Odwala Onse Amakhala Ndi Khansa Oposa Avereji? Milbank Q; 91 (4): 690-728.
Mowa, JS & Hughes, BL (2010) Neural Systems of Social Comparison and the «Above-Average» Zotsatira. Neuroimage; 49 (3): 2671-9.
Giladi, EE & Klar, Y. (2002) Miyezo ikakhala yayikulu kwambiri: Kukula posasankha komanso kutsika poyerekeza ziweruzo ndi malingaliro. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General; 131 (4): 538-551.
Hoorens, V. & Harris, P. (1998) Zosokoneza m'malipoti azikhalidwe zaumoyo: Kutalika kwa nthawi ndi kuwonekera kopusitsa. Psychology & Zaumoyo; 13 (3): 451-466.
Kruger, J. (1999) Nyanja Wobegon yapita! The «m'munsimu-avareji zotsatira» ndi egocentric chikhalidwe cha poyerekeza luso ziweruzo. Journal of Personal and Psychology; 77(2): 221-232.
Van Yperen, N. W & Buunk, BP (1991) Kuyerekeza Kofananako, Kuyerekeza Kwachibale, ndi Kusintha Kwazomwe Zimayenderana: Ubale Wawo ndi Kukhutira M'banja. Makhalidwe Athu ndi Psychology Bulletin; (17): 6-709.
Cross, KP (1977) Kodi sizingatheke koma aphunzitsi aku koleji adzapititsidwa patsogolo? Mayendedwe Atsopano a Maphunziro Apamwamba; 17:1-15 .
Preston, CE & Harris, S. (1965) Psychology ya oyendetsa pangozi zapamsewu. Journal of Applied Psychology; 49(4): 284-288.
Pakhomo Zotsatira za Wobegon, ndichifukwa chiyani tikuganiza kuti tili pamwamba pa avareji? idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
