Pagulu la akatswiri okhawo, zowona zimawonekera chifukwa chosowa kwawo. Aliyense amaganiza, ochepa amadziwa. Aliyense amawerengera, ochepa amadziwa (ndipo amafuna kudziwa) deta. Kuletsa akatswiri amisala ndi azamisala kuti asagwere mumsampha uwu womwe Umberto Eco adawutcha "kuukira kwa anthu opusa", mu 1973.Association of Psychiatric Association (APA) idagwiritsa ntchito yotchedwa Goldwater Rule.
Kodi Goldwater Rule ndi chiyani?
Ulamuliro wa Goldwater umatanthawuza mawu abwino omwe amalepheretsa akatswiri a maganizo ndi akatswiri a maganizo kuti asamaganize za maganizo a anthu, makamaka ngati otchulidwawo ali pachiwonetsero, kaya panthawi yachisankho, mkati mwa nkhondo, chifukwa ali ndi udindo wa boma. kapena chifukwa cha manyazi.
Lamuloli limaletsa asing'anga kuti azindikire mwaukadaulo munthu yemwe sanamuyeze. Komiti yoyang'anira za chikhalidwe cha APA idakulitsanso lamuloli kuti silingadziwike kuti lifotokoze malingaliro onse amisala mu 2017, mkati mwa zokambirana zapagulu za thanzi la Purezidenti Donald J. Trump. Inde, Lamulo la Goldwater linatsimikiziridwanso ndi aAmerican Psychological Association.
Mlandu wa Goldwater: misampha ndikusintha zidziwitso zomwe zidayambitsa lamuloli
Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1964 pamene Senator wa Arizona, Barry Goldwater, anapikisana ndi Republican Party kwa Purezidenti wa United States, akutsutsa Purezidenti wa Democratic, Lyndon B. Johnson.
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha kampeni, Goldwater anakana kuwongolera malingaliro ake chifukwa analibe zilakolako zazikulu zaumwini, koma adatenga udindo wa mdani wa kukhazikitsidwa ndipo sanafune kusintha zomwe ankaganiza kapena momwe adazifotokozera. kukhutiritsa anthu.
Johnson adapezerapo mwayi pa "zofooka" izi ndikusandutsa kampeni yachisankho kukhala mtundu wa referendum pa mfundo za nyukiliya, kuyesera kuti Goldwater awoneke ngati wamisala chifukwa palibe amene angasiye "batani la nyukiliya" m'manja mwa munthu wopanda malire.
M'kati mwa midzi, Magazini ya Fact adaganiza zotumiza mafunso kwa asing'anga 12.356 kuwafunsa kuti awone ngati Goldwater "Anali woyenerera m'maganizo kuti akhale Purezidenti wa United States." Atalandira mayankhowo, adasindikiza nkhani yotchedwa: "Madokotala amisala 1.189 amati Goldwater ndi wosayenera m'maganizo kukhala Purezidenti." Ngakhale akatswiri ena amamuwona ngati munthu wabwinobwino, ena amamuwona ngati "paranoid", "schizophrenic", "obsessive", "psychotic" ndi "narcissistic".
Mayankho ofalitsidwa anadzaza masamba 41 a magazini yapadera yotchedwa "Kusazindikira kwa Conservative" ndipo adawonekera ngati zotsatsa zamasamba onse mu New York Times ndi manyuzipepala ena. Anaphatikizapo ziganizo monga "Ndikukhulupirira kuti Goldwater ili ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi matenda monga Hitler, Castro, Stalin ndi atsogoleri ena odziwika bwino a schizophrenic" o "Ndikuganiza kuti Senator Goldwater amalimbikitsa chisoni chosazindikira komanso chidani cha anthu wamba."
Zotsatira zake, Johnson adapeza chigonjetso chambiri. Komabe, Goldwater pambuyo pake adasumira magaziniyo chifukwa choipitsa mbiri yake ndikumufunsa kuti amuwononge ndikumukakamiza kuti atseke kosatha. Zomwe magaziniyi sinasindikize ndikuti, mwa akatswiri onse amisala omwe adafunsidwa, 19% okha adayankha ndipo mayankho ambiri sanalembedwe. Mwa mayankho awa, 1.189 adanena kuti sangathe, 657 adati inde ndipo 571 analibe chidziwitso chokwanira kuti afotokoze maganizo ake.
TheAssociation of Psychiatric Association adalowererapo pankhaniyi ndipo adadzudzula mwamphamvu zomwe zidachitikazo. Mu 1973, APA inakhazikitsa "Goldwater Rule" mu ndime 7.3 ya Mfundo Zazikhalidwe Zachipatala zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa anthu ambiri ndipo zimanena kuti. "Si bwino kuti katswiri wa zamaganizo apereke maganizo a akatswiri pokhapokha atapima ndipo wapatsidwa chilolezo chovomerezeka cha mawu oterowo."
Mu 2017, kutsatira mkangano wokhudzana ndi kukhazikika kwamalingaliro kwa Purezidenti wakale wa US a Donald J. Trump, APA idavomereza lamuloli, ndikuwonjezera kuti akatswiri azamisala ndi akatswiri azamisala azingogawana zomwe adakumana nazo pazamisala ndi anthu onse osati pagulu la anthu.
Komanso, anachenjeza kuti "ntchito yochenjeza" yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ntchitoyi imagwira ntchito pokhapokha kudziwa za chiopsezo kwa ena panthawi ya chithandizo, choncho ntchitoyi siigwira ntchito ngati palibe ubale wa dokotala ndi wodwala.
Kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika m'maganizo a munthu n'kovuta, ngakhale kwa akatswiri a maganizo ndi akatswiri a maganizo.
M'njira zambiri, lamulo lachikhalidwe ili ndi cholinga choletsa akatswiri azamisala kuti asamatsimikizike - komanso nthawi zambiri zotsutsana - zokhudzana ndi momwe anthu amakhalira m'maganizo. Zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zipewe, pakati pa zinthu zina, ndizoti izi zikhoza kukhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa maganizo a anthu, ngakhale kuti sizinatsimikizidwe ndi njira zamakono zamaganizo, monga zoyankhulana, mafunso kapena mayesero.
Kunena zowona, munthu aliyense ali chilengedwe chonse mwa iye yekha kotero kuti ngakhale akatswiri ambiri amisala ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo angakhale ndi maganizo a akatswiri pa makhalidwe a anthu ena kapenanso kulingalira za matenda omwe angakhalepo, n'zovuta kwa iwo kunena mawu omaliza popanda kudziwa. mbiri ya moyo wake komanso, koposa zonse, zokumana nazo.
Kuzindikira sikufanana ndi kudziwa. Kuzindikira sikufanana ndi kudziwa. Lingaliro silowona, ngakhale likuchokera kwa katswiri wa zamaganizo kapena katswiri wa zamaganizo.
Kuona mopepuka kuti wina wavulazidwa m’maganizo ndi makolo opanda chidwi sikufanana ndi kuzindikira. Kuganiza kuti wina ndi wonyada kapena wonyada chifukwa cha zolankhula zapagulu sikufanana ndikuwatsimikizira mwachindunji. Kumaliza pamaziko a zosankha zapayekha, zomwe kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitidwa mopsinjidwa, kuti wina ali wopupuluma kapena woŵerengera sikuli kofanana ndi kuzindikira zimenezi m’moyo wawo wonse.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti ambiri mwa "mbiri zamaganizo"Zofotokozedwa m'manyuzipepala ndi m'magazini za anthu omwe ali pagulu ndizongonena chabe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera kwa atolankhani omwe ndipo zimatha kukhala zoona komanso zabodza. Akatswiri ambiri a zamaganizo ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo amadziwa kuti maganizo aumunthu ndi ovuta ndipo zimakhala zovuta kunena mawu amphamvu popanda kukumana ndi munthuyo komanso kudziwa momwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana za moyo zimakhudzira iwo.
Choncho, ndi bwino kuti aliyense adzipangire maganizo ake ndipo asatengeke ndi zigamulo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimangofuna kunyozetsa ndi kuukira anthu odziwika bwino kapena kuwatamanda ndi kuwalemekeza popanda maziko alionse. Mkati mwa munthu aliyense muli zounikira ndi mithunzi. Kuyesera kuyeretsa ena ndi kuchititsa ena ziwanda kumangoyankha kufunikira kwathu kufewetsa zovuta zaumunthu kuti timve kukhala otetezeka pang'ono m'dziko lomwe likuwoneka losatsimikizika kwa ife.
Malire:
(2017) Lamulo la APA la Madzi a Golide Limakhalabe Mfundo Yotsogola kwa Mamembala a Madokotala. Mu: APA.
(2016) Chiyambi cha Ulamuliro wa Goldwater Kutengera Mikangano Yakale Yakale. Mu: APA.
Pakhomo Ulamuliro wa Goldwater - kapena chifukwa chake simuyenera kudalira "mbiri zamaganizidwe" za anthu odziwika idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
