Chinsinsi cha silphium, zonunkhira zakale zakutha kwa Kurene

 

“Pamtondo, tsabola wosweka, chitowe, coriander, muzu wa laser, rue, wothira viniga, onjezerani masiku ndi pansi pa flamingo yolukidwa ... ": atero m'modzi mwa maphikidwe a Roma wakale woperekedwa ndi ife Apicius, mlembi Wachilatini yemwe adakhala pakati pa zaka za zana loyamba BC ndi mzaka za zana loyamba AD Ndipo, chodabwitsa monga momwe chizolowezi chodya ma flamingo chingawoneke kwa ife, pali chimodzi chimodzi mwatsatanetsatane wa chidule ichi chomwe ife owerenga amakono amavutika kuti amvetsetse: chomwe kwenikweni muzu wa laser? Kuti mudziwe, muyenera kuchita opareshoni yeniyeni ya zakuthambo zakale, kukumba kumbuyo kupyola zaka mazana ambiri kufikira nthawi yomwe kunalipo, pa magome Achigiriki ndi Aroma, zonunkhira zomwe zasowa lero: silphium, amene dzina lake lachilatini linali ndendende laser o kutulutsa. 

Wotchulidwa m'mabuku ambiri azambiriyakale, zitsamba zonunkhirazi zidafunidwa makamaka ndikuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha zida zake zambiri ngakhale zamankhwala, komabe kufalikira kwake kudakhala kwakanthawi kochepa ndipo pakadali pano amaonedwa kuti atha. Komabe, pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazomwe zidachitika ndipo ngati zilidi choncho, ndipo, silphium imakhalabe chinsinsi chosasunthika cha zakudya zakale (ndi botany). Chifukwa chachikulu chobwezera mbiri yake ndi chitukuko chosayembekezereka: izi ndi zomwe tikudziwa.

Sylph: zinali bwanji ndipo zinali kuti?  

Apicius si yekhayo amene watisiyira umboni wa sylph: m'mabukuwa mulinso Theophrastus, yemwe amadziwika kuti bambo wa Greek botany, Dioscorides, dokotala, Sorano waku Efeso, "gynecologist" wa nthawiyo, Pliny Wamkulu , komanso Cato Wamkulu, Strabo ndi Columella. Ndi chifukwa cha iwo - komanso mwazinthu zina zophiphiritsa - kuti lero tikudziwa mawonekedwe, magwero ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chomerachi. 

Theophrastus anali woyamba kuzindikira kuti ndi gawo la banja la Umbelliferae Apiaceae wa mtundu wa Ferule, womwe mwachitsanzo ndi gawo, komanso Ferula Tingitana kapena chimphona chachikulu, chomera chachitali komanso chosatha chomwe chidalipo kudera la Kupro komanso kudera la Mediterranean ku Spain, Morocco ndi Syria . Koma mitundu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri ya silphium imamera ku Kurene kokha, Shahat wapano, mu Kum'mawa kwa Libya, m'dera lina pafupifupi 200 km kutalika ndi 50 km mulifupi. Dziko lachi Greek kenako Roma, dera lino posakhalitsa lidatchuka chifukwa chopanga, mpaka kudalira chuma chake chonse pamalonda a silphium. Chifukwa chakusowa kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito, laser posachedwa anafika mitengo yamtengo wapatali: "Ndalama imodzi yasiliva pa paundi imodzi", monga ananenera Pliny Wamkulu, ndipo adasindikizidwa pa ndalama zaku Cyrenaic (tangowonani ndalama ya siliva pafupifupi 450 BC yomwe idasungidwabe ku Britain Museum). Koma zimawoneka bwanji ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji? 

Monga fayilo ya selari, silphium idapatsidwa muzu waukulu, pomwe tsinde lolimba lidayamba, ndi masamba ndi maluwa agolide, "babu yozungulira, yodzaza" (Theophrastus, Mbiri ya zomera). Mtunduwo unaperekedwa, m'mawu a Dioscorides, ochokera kwawo mtundu ofiira ofiira komanso owoneka bwino, yofanana ndi ya mure. Zikuwoneka kuti kuchokera ku mbewu yake, yamtengo wapatali, a mawonekedwe amtima, pezani chizindikiro chachikondi chomwe tikugwiritsabe ntchito mpaka pano. 

Nthano imanena kuti kuoneka kwa silphium kumachitika chifukwa cha mvula yamdima kuyambira zaka zoposa XNUMX zapitazo, chifukwa chake izi zidayamba kuwonekera ndikuchulukirachulukira chomera chokhazikika, yomwe Agiriki kapena Aroma sanadziwe momwe angalimire, ngakhale adayesapo kangapo. Komabe, izi sizinawalepheretse kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, pophika komanso ngati mankhwala: i zimayambira anali okazinga, owotcha kapena owiritsa e amadya ngati ndiwo zamasamba; iye alireza anali m'malo mwake sangalalani mwatsopano, nyengo ndi viniga; ndi msuzi unatengedwa pa tsinde - makamaka chifukwa m'masekondi ochepa idachoka pamadzi kupita pachimake - momwe msuzi ndi zonunkhira zanyama zidakonzedwa, makamaka zokhazokha, kapena zomwe zitha kukuwa. Ngati zadyetsedwa kwa nkhosa, zomwe zimazikonda, nyama yawo imakhala yofewa kwambiri komanso yokoma; pomwe mafuta onunkhira adapezeka kuchokera maluwa. Pomaliza, panali ntchito zambiri monga kulowetsedwa pazithandizo zamankhwala kapena zakulera. 

Laserpitium, zitsamba zonunkhira zogwiritsa ntchito chikwi

Osati kukhitchini kokha, m'njira zomwe tafotokozazi ndipo mwina lero sizingagwirizane ndi zomwe timakonda, komanso pankhani ya sayansi kutulutsa adapeza ntchito yayikulu. 

Vera mankhwala a matenda onse. Ndi zotsatira zotsutsana, zikuwoneka kuti nawonso imodzi mwazoletsa zachilengedwe zoyamba, wokhoza kuletsa kutenga mimba isanachitike kapena itatha. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi ake anali abwino kwa gout, kusowa mphamvu kwa amuna, kusamba nthawi zonse, kafumbata, ng'ala ndi khunyu, komanso njerewere. Mwachidule, ndi mankhwala anthawi zonse pazosowa zilizonse. 

Potengera izi, sizovuta kuganiza kuti posachedwa idayamba kugulitsidwa, kotero kuti - monga Pliny Wamkulu amanenera nthawi zonse - akafuna kupereka ulemu kwa mfumu ya nthawiyo Nero, zinali zotheka kupeza chomera chimodzi chokha. Nthawi ina m'mbuyomu, zikuwoneka kuti Cesare amatha kudalira zinthu zowonekera kwambiri, popeza adagwiritsa ntchito yake Makilogalamu 111 a silphium kuti alipirepamodzi ndi golide ndi siliva, ndalama zankhondo. Kufunika kwa zonunkhira izi kumatsimikiziridwa - ngati sizinali zokwanira - komanso kuyimira chikho chodziwika cha Arkesilas (560 BC) momwe kuyeza kwa silphium kumawonetsedwa, pamaso pa mfumuyo.  

3 amaganiza zakutha kwake

Ngati sylph inali yofunika kwambiri, pafupifupi yozizwitsa, munthawi ya Aroma, bwanji sinasungidwe? Monga momwe zilili munkhani zabwino za ofufuza, tafalitsa kale zidziwitso apa ndi apo, tiyeni tibwereze: Aroma, komanso Agiriki, sanakwanitse kulima. Ngakhale adatha kudzipatula ndikubzala, zotsatira zake sizinakhale ngati zoyambirira. Zifukwa zitha kukhala zambiri: kuyambira panthaka, mpaka kumtunda kwa mbewu zoyambirira, mpaka njira zobzala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, zithunzizo zodzidzimutsa zitatha, kunalibe kalikonse ka silphium. 

Ndipo chitsimikizo chachiwiri chimatha ndikutopa: tawona momwe chuma chambiri cha ku Kurene chimadalira silphium. Monga nthawi zina m'mbuyomu komanso pambuyo (kumbukirani buluu tuna?), ndikosavuta kuyerekezera kuti umbombo wa anthu komanso nkhanza zamalamulo amsika zidapangitsa kuti awonongeke kwathunthu. Koma malingaliro ndi osiyanasiyana ndipo palibe amene adanenedwa kuti ndiye wotsimikiza: 

• yoyamba, yosavuta, ndichimodzimodzi kuzunza kwambiri, ovomerezeka mwalamulo komanso osawongolera zinthu zomwe zimawathera munthawi yochepa, kupatula kuthekera kobwerera;
• chachiwiri, mwanjira ina yokhudzana ndi woyamba ngakhale ndizokayikitsa kwambiri, amamuimba mlandu m'malo mwake alimi a nkhosa kuti, kuti nyama ya ng'ombeyo ikhale yosavuta kumva, aziisiya idye mosazengereza pamalo olimapo a silphium; 
• Strabo, wolemba mbiri wachi Greek komanso wolemba malo, adazindikira chomwe chimayambitsa kusamvana pakati pa osonkhanitsa ndi amalonda: wakale, wokwiya ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali yomwe silphium idagulitsidwanso phindu lonse la amalonda, adachotsa kuchuluka kwake komwe kungasokoneze tsogolo lake. 

Malingaliro awa, onse ndi odalirika, atha kufotokoza chifukwa chake kusoweka kwachinsinsi uku kale cha m'ma XNUMX AD Ngakhale pali ena omwe sali otsimikiza kwathunthu: malinga ndi ena, silphium imapezekabe ku Libya, dera lomwe nkovuta kuti mufufuze, osadziwa aliyense. Chowonadi ndichakuti popeza, mu 1800, French Geographical Society idakhazikitsa mphotho kwa iwo omwe adapeza chomera chimodzi cha silphium, palibe amene wabwera kudzafuna. 

Ndipo inu, mumadziwa nkhani ya silphium ndi kusoweka kwake kwachinsinsi?

 

L'articolo Chinsinsi cha silphium, zonunkhira zakale zakutha kwa Kurene zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyamba Zolemba Zazakudya.