Ibala lentlalo elinxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neengxaki zengqondo kudala likho. Ngapha koko, kwa igama elithi "ibala" linentsingiselo engalunganga kwaye livela kwiGrisi yamandulo, apho ibala yayiluphawu apho amakhoboka okanye izaphuli-mthetho zaziphawulwa ngalo.
Kangangeenkulungwane, uluntu aluzange luphathe abantu abanoxinzelelo, i-autism, schizophrenia, okanye ezinye izigulo zengqondo ngcono. KumaXesha Aphakathi, ukugula ngengqondo kwakugqalwa njengesohlwayo esivela kuThixo. Abagulayo kwakucingelwa ukuba baphethwe ngumtyholi, yaye abaninzi babetshiselwa esibondeni okanye baphoswe kwiindawo zokuqala zokukhuselwa, apho babebotshelelwa ngamatyathanga okanye iibhedi zabo.
Ebudeni boKhanyiso abagula ngengqondo ekugqibeleni bakhululwa kumatyathanga abo yaye amaziko enziwe ukuba abancede, nangona ibala nocalucalulo lwafikelela incopho elusizi ebudeni bexesha lamaNazi eJamani, xa amakhulu amawaka abantu ababegula ngengqondo abulawa okanye avala inzala.
Namhlanje asikazikhululi ngokupheleleyo kwibala elihamba nokugula ngengqondo. Abantu abaninzi bayaqhubeka bebona iingxaki ezingokweemvakalelo njengophawu lobuthathaka nesizathu sokuhlazeka. Ngapha koko, eli bala alichaphazeli kuphela abantu abanengxaki kodwa lidlulela nakumalungu osapho lwabo, abahlobo abasondeleyo, kunye nabasebenzi ababancedisayo.
Ibala lembeko, ukwaliwa okuxhaphakileyo ekuhlaleni
Nkqu nosapho, izihlobo kunye nabantu abasondeleyo banokuhlupheka koko kubizwa ngokuba yi "stigma of courtesy". Imalunga nokulahlwa kunye nokujongelwa phantsi kwentlalo okunxulumene nabantu abakubudlelwane nabo "baphawulweyo". Ngokwesiqhelo, ibala lomntu ochatshazelwe kukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ligqithisela kwabo baneentsapho okanye ubudlelwane bomsebenzi kunye nabo.
Ibala losapho lelona lixhaphakileyo kwaye lidla ngokuchaphazela abazali, abantakwabo, amaqabane, abantwana, kunye nezinye izalamane zomntu ophethwe sesi sifo. Kodwa asiyiyo yodwa. Uphononongo olwenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseVictoria luveze ukuba ibala lokunxulumana nalo lidlulela kwabo basebenza namaqela ahlelelekileyo ngokwentlalo nangabandakanyiweyo. Ibala lembeko linefuthe elimandla nakwaba bantu. Bayaqonda ukuba abahlobo babo kunye neentsapho zabo abaxhasi okanye baqonde umsebenzi wabo wentlalontle kunye neengcali ezivela kwamanye amaziko kunye nabantu ngokubanzi abaphatha kakubi. Oku, kunjalo, ekugqibeleni kuchaphazela impilo yabo kwaye sesinye sezizathu eziphambili ezikhokelela ekubeni bayeke imisebenzi yabo.
Iingxelo ezibonisa ubutyala, iintloni kunye nongcoliseko zezona zinto zibangela ibala lembeko. Amabali eetyala acebisa ukuba abo badityaniswe ngandlel' ithile nabantu ababekwe ibala banetyala okanye banoxanduva lweziphumo ezibi ekuhlaleni zokubekwa ibala. Endaweni yoko, amabali osulelo acebisa ukuba abo bantu banokuba nemilinganiselo efanayo, iimpawu, okanye indlela yokuziphatha. Ngokucacileyo ezi ziingqikelelo ezingenasiseko eziye zasasazwa ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye asikwazanga ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo kuluntu lwethu.
Isithunzi eside sombutho webala kunye nomonakalo owenzayo
Amalungu osapho aphantsi kwebala lembeko aziva eneentloni kwaye enetyala. Enyanisweni, badla ngokuzibeka ityala ngenxa yokuba becinga ukuba baye bafak’ isandla ngandlel’ ithile kwisigulo selungu lentsapho. Bakwafumana unxunguphalo olunzulu lweemvakalelo, ukwanda kwamanqanaba oxinzelelo, ukudakumba, kunye nokuba likheswa ekuhlaleni.
Ewe, ubunzima bebala lembeko buyavakala. Abaphandi abavela kwi Columbia University baye badlan’ indlebe nabazali abali-156 namaqabane ezigulana zengqondo abalaliswa okokuqala baza bafumanisa ukuba isiqingatha siye sazama ukuyifihla le ngxaki kwabanye. Isizathu? Bazibonela ngokwabo ukungaqondani kunye nokulahlwa ekuhlaleni.
Uphononongo olothusayo ngokukhethekileyo olwenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseLund apho amalungu osapho ali-162 ezigulana ezingeniswe kwiiwadi zabagula ngengqondo kwadliwan’ indlebe nazo emva kokuba iziqendu ezibuhlungu zabonisa ukuba uninzi lwaziva lunendawo ezinde zokujongelwa phantsi kwembeko. Ngaphezu koko, i-18% yezalamane zavuma ukuba maxa wambi zicinga ukuba umguli ebeya kuphila ngcono xa efile, bekuya kuba bhetele ukuba akazange azalwe okanye adibane naye. I-10% yezo zalamane nazo zazicinga ukuzibulala.
Umgangatho wobudlelwane kunye nomntu ochaphazelekayo naye unengxaki yolu bandlululo olwandisiweyo. Uthotho lwezifundo eziqhutywe kwiYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Florida lubonise ukuba ibala lembeko lichaphazela abazali babantwana abaneziphene ngokunqanda intsebenziswano yoluntu kunye nokubanika i-aura engathandekiyo. Aba bazali bayasibona isigwebo kunye netyala labanye malunga nokukhubazeka, ukuziphatha okanye ukukhathalelwa komntwana wabo. Kwaye imbono yeNtlalo iphetha inikezela ngoxinzelelo olubi kubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu ababekwe ibala kunye neentsapho zabo. Isiphumo? Inkxaso yentlalontle efunyanwa ngabantu abanengxaki yengqondo iyancipha.
Indlela yokuphepha ibala elinxulunyaniswa nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo?
Isazi ngezentlalo uErwin Goffman, owabeka isiseko sophando ngebala, wabhala oko "Akukho lizwe, uluntu okanye inkcubeko apho abantu abanezigulo zengqondo banexabiso elifanayo lentlalontle njengabantu abangenazo izifo zengqondo". Kwakungonyaka ka-1963. Namhlanje singo-2021 kwaye kuncinci okutshintshileyo kwingcinga edumileyo.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokulahla ezo ngcinga, ezonakalisa kakhulu, ayikuko ukuqalisa amaphulo angenanto asebenza kuphela ekutyebiseni iipokotho zeearhente zentengiso kunye nezazela ezicocekileyo, kodwa kukho into engathandekiyo kunye nokunye okuninzi. indlela esebenzayo ukunciphisa ibala lembeko: ukudibana nabo bachaphazelekayo.
Kuphela ngumbandela wokwandisa amehlo. Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo ukuba malunga ne-50% yabemi baya kufumana isiqendu esinxulumene nengxaki yengqondo ngexesha lobomi babo - nokuba kukuxhalaba okanye ukudakumba - kusenokwenzeka ukuba sazi umntu obandezelekileyo okanye onengxaki yeemvakalelo. Ukuba siyabuqonda ubukho baba bantu ebomini bethu kunye neengxaki abadlula kuzo, siya kuba nomfanekiso onokwenyani wokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okusinceda ukuba siphinde sicinge ngeengcinga zethu ezizekelisayo ukuze siphuhlise isimo sengqondo esivuleleke ngakumbi, esinyamezelayo nesinokuqonda.
Umda:
Rössler, W. (2016) Ibala lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Iminyaka eyiwaka-imbali ende yokukhutshelwa ngaphandle koluntu kunye nokucalula. EMBO Rep; 17 (9): 1250-1253.
Phillips, R. & Benoit, C. (2013) Ukuphonononga ukubekwa ibala nguMbutho phakathi kwabaBoneleli beNkathalelo abaPhambili abaKhonza abaSebenzi ngeSondo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezeMpilo; 9 (SP): 139–151.
Corrigan, PW et. Al. (2004) Amanqanaba ezakhiwo zokugula ngengqondo ibala kunye nocalucalulo. I-Schizophr Bull; 30 (3): 481-491.
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Green, SE (2003) "Uthetha ukuthini 'yintoni engalunganga kuye?'": Ukubekwa ibala kunye nobomi beentsapho zabantwana abakhubazekileyo. I-Soc Sci Med; 57 (8): 1361-1374.
Ostman, M. & Kjellin, L. (2002) I-Stigma by association: imiba yengqondo kwizalamane zabantu abanesifo sengqondo. Br J Psychiatry; 181: 494-498 .
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Umnyango Ibala lembeko, xa ukwaliwa kwezentlalo kunwenwela kusapho lwabantu abanengxaki yengqondo yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
