Abantu abanesimilo bebesoloko bekho yaye bebesoloko bezama ukunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yabo. Kodwa namhlanje, iinethiwekhi zentlalo ziye zaba yindawo yokuzala yazo zonke iintlobo zokuziphatha okuhle. Zimbalwa iimpapasho ezisindayo kwiliso labo elibukhali kwaye kuhlala kukho iqela elizimisele ukukhalimela okanye ukugxeka izenzo kunye namazwi abanye. Hlala ulungele ukugweba.
Ngokwenene, ngelixa ukufundisa ngokuziphatha kumajelo asekuhlaleni kuyinto yangoku, inkuthazo emva kwayo iphantse yandala njengendoda. Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uSocrates wasihlolisisa esi siganeko waza wehlela enyameni yakhe. Kwincwadi ethi Apology of Socrates, ebhalwe nguPlato, umntu unokubona indlela isithandi sobulumko esiyichaza ngayoikratshi ezifihla emva kwezimo zengqondo zokuziphatha.
Ukuziphatha kunye nolwazi, amacala amabini kwingqekembe enye
Isixelela ukuba ngesinye isihlandlo isiprofeto saseDelphi sathi akakho umntu osisilumko njengoSocrates. Ephendula, uSocrates, owayecinga ukuba akanalwazi ukuba angagqalwa njengoyena mntu ulumkileyo, wathetha nabanye abantu ababezibanga belumke gqitha.
Udlan’ indlebe nabezopolitiko, ababhali bemidlalo yeqonga, kunye nabanye ukuze bafumanise ukuba babeneenkolelo ezingavisisaniyo malunga nokuba buyintoni na ubomi obulungileyo, kwaye ngokufuthi babengakwazi nokucacisa ezo nkolelo okanye ukuphendula imibuzo yakhe ehlabayo ngokusengqiqweni.
Ekugqibeleni, uSocrates wavuma ukuba ngokwenene wayesisilumko, kodwa kungenxa yokuba inguye yedwa owayeqonda ukuba kuncinane kangakanani na ulwazi lwakhe.
Eli bali lishwankathelwe kwi aphorism yakhe edumileyo: "Ndiyazi kuphela ukuba andazi nto", kodwa inkalo enye idla ngokungakhathalelwa: USocrates wathetha ngobulumko bokuziphatha, kungekhona ngolwazi lwemfundo nje kuphela. Xa uSocrates wayethetha “neengcali” ezahlukahlukeneyo “namadoda alumkileyo” azibanga nje ukuba zizilumko, kodwa nangaphezu kwawo onke amagunya okuziphatha.
Kubafundi be-sophists, ubulumko kunye nokuziphatha kwakunxulumene. Ngenxa yoku uSocrates wafumanisa ukuba abo babeqinisekile ngobulumko babo babeqinisekile ngegunya labo lokuziphatha. Kanye njengokuba ukuzigwagwisa ngobukrelekrele kubangela ukuba abantu bangazinanzi izikhewu kulwazi lwabo, abo baqinisekileyo ukuba bangabaxhasi bokwenene bemilinganiselo yokuziphatha abazazi kakuhle iimpazamo zabo yaye batyekele ekukubetheni ngoyaba ukuntsonkotha kokuziphatha ngokwako. Ngamanye amazwi, isimo sabo sengqondo sokuzenza amalungisa siyabamfamekisa.
Isithandi sobulumko uGlenn Rawson uthe “Okukhona abantu bezibanga benawo amava ngokuphathelele ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ebomini (njengokusesikweni, isidima, neyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphila), kokukhona bengenakuzithethelela amabango abo. Kwanolwazi lwabanye abantu ngobugcisa okanye isayensi lugqunywe yinkolelo yabo ephosakeleyo yokuba bayakwazi ukuxelela abantu indlela abafanele baphile ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu abaninzi bathi banelungelo lokuzibeka njengabagwebi kubomi babanye kuba benolwazi oluthile okanye becinga ukuba banolwazi oluthile.
Ukufundisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuthetha ukuzikholelwa ukuba ungowongamileyo, ukutyeshela ithunzi likabani
Ewe kunjalo, kukho iyantlukwano phakathi kwabo bazenza abameli bokuziphatha kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo namhlanje kunye nomntu owayehlala kwiGrisi yamandulo. Uninzi lwalo mahluko lubangelwa kukuba kukho ilayisensi engakumbi kwi-Intanethi yokudala uluvo olubaxayo malunga nokuziphatha komntu, kuba uninzi lwabantu abafowunelwa ababazi kakuhle okanye abayazi indlela abaphila ngayo.
Enyanisweni, oku "kungaziwa ngokuziphatha" kunika inkululeko yokugweba abanye kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ekuphakanyisweni kwakhe. Ngapha koko, izifundo ezininzi ziye zatyhila ukuba owona mxholo wentsholongwane egazini kwiintanethi zentlalo ngowona mxholo "wokuziphatha" obhekiselele kwimibono, izinto okanye izehlo ezihlala zitolikwa ngokwemidla eqhelekileyo okanye elungileyo. Iindaba namagqabaza anamazwi okuziphatha adla ngokusasazeka ngakumbi kwi-Intanethi.
Lo mcimbi awukho nje ngenxa yomsindo wokuziphatha, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukugqamisa ukuziphatha kakubi kuyindlela enamandla yokugcina okanye ukuphucula isidima somntu kwisangqa esithile sentlalo kunye nokwenza ubulungu bakhe bucace. Nanini na xa umntu ekhomba into “engcolileyo,” nabo bazimanya neqela kwaye baqinisekise ubuni babo, nokuba akaqondi ngokupheleleyo.
Enyanisweni, sonke sibandakanyeka kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezinceda ukwahlula iqela eliphakathi esichonga kunye neqela elingaphandle. Ngale ndlela sisomeleza umanyano lwethu size sibonise ukuba siyavumelana nemilinganiselo yabo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zokuziphatha ziba mbi ngakumbi xa kuvela izisongelo, njengendawo yokungaqiniseki okuphezulu, ukungafani kweembono, okanye utshintsho olukhulu.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, uphononongo olwenziwe e Yunivesithi yaseYale idize ukuba ukugxeka iqela elingaphandle kunye nokubonakalisa inzondo kumajelo osasazo oluntu kusebenza ngakumbi ekukhuthazeni uthethathethwano kunokuvakalisa nje inkxaso yeqela akulo. Imfuneko yokuba ngomnye weqela elithile nokomeleza ubuntu bakhe zezona zizathu zikhokelela ekubeni abantu bakhalimele abanye ngokuziphatha.
Enyanisweni, nangona ukungafani kwenkcubeko, namhlanje sabelana ngophawu olunye kunye namanani eGrisi yamandulo: ukulinganisa ulwazi okanye iimbono kunye nokuziphatha, ukuze ukuba umntu uvakalisa imbono eyahlukileyo kuneyethu, uya kugwetywa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.
Abantu abafundisa ngokuziphatha bakholelwa ukuba ukuba umntu akabambeleli kwiinkolelo zabo okanye uphambuke kakhulu kwimilinganiselo kunye nemilinganiselo ekwabelwana ngayo neqela abakulo, mhlawumbi abangomntu olungileyo. Yiyo loo nto bekholelwa ukuba banelungelo lokumgxeka nokumgweba.
Kukuziphatha okuhle, ukuba neenkolelo "ezilungileyo" yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuhle, ngoko ukugxininisa iinkolelo "ezingalunganga" kubanceda bazive behle kakhulu. Le yindlela "amapolisa okuziphatha" enziwa ngayo, kwaye yile ndlela ingcinezelo elungiswa ngayo.
Noko ke, ukubanga umntu othile wenze ukuziphatha okubi kuthetha ukuba—ngabom okanye engaqondanga—uzibeka phezulu, unandiphe ilungelo ekucingelwa ukuba lifunyanwa ngokuziphatha kakuhle. Yingakho abantu abanikela iintetho zokuziphatha bavame ukusicasula ngenxa yokuba, ngokuqaphela okanye ngokungazi, siyaqonda ukuba bazibeka kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngaphandle kokubonisa uvelwano oluncinci kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukungazinaki iithoni zabo ezingwevu.
Enyanisweni, isimilo sisilinganisi esikhulu. Sonke singumxube wokukhanya nobumnyama, ngoko ke abo bazimise njengamagunya okuziphatha badla ngokubona ibala elikwiliso lomnye, ngoxa betyeshela umqadi kowabo. Yingakho kufuneka sicinge kabini - okanye ezintathu okanye ezine - ngaphambi kokuphosa ilitye lokuqala.
Umda:
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Goldhill, O. (2019) Ifilosofi kaSocrates yamandulo ibonisa ukuba kutheni ukuthunyelwa kokuziphatha kumajelo asekuhlaleni kucaphukisa. Kwi: Quartz.
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Brady, WJ, kunye. Al. (2017) Uvakalelo lubumba ukusasazwa komxholo wokuziphatha kwiintanethi zentlalo. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences; 114: 7313-7318.
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Umnyango Kutheni abantu abanikela iintetho zokuziphatha basicaphukisa kangaka, ngokutsho kukaSocrates? yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
