Ngowe-1975, sisi-2 ekhulwini kuphela sezinto zokudlala ezikuluhlu lweSears ezazilungiselelwe ngokukhethekileyo amakhwenkwe okanye amantombazana. Kodwa kule mihla, xa sisiya kuthenga izipho zomntwana, phantse yonke into inemibala: amakhosazana apinki onke kwaye amathoyizi amakhwenkwe aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngoko ke, ayimangalisi into yokuba umntu omdala omnye kwabathathu ephisa ngezinto zokudlala ezisekelwe kwiingcamango zesini.
Nangona kunjalo, kunye namakhosazana esitayela sikaBarbie, ngoku ahlala kwindawo yonke kwicandelo leethoyi zamantombazana kwaye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, avelise ukungoneliseki phakathi kwabazali ngenxa yenkangeleko yabo kwaye yayiyenye yezinto zokudlala zokuqala ukuphumeza isicwangciso sentengiso esekwe intengiso kamabonakude, yayinqabile kakhulu phambi kweminyaka yoo-70.
Ngenxa yoko, ukuthengiswa kwezinto zokudlala kugxile kakhulu kwisini namhlanje kunokuba kwakunjalo kwisiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo, xa ucalucalulo ngokwesini kunye nocalucalulo ngokwesini yayiyinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu, ngokutsho kwesazi ngezentlalo uElizabeth Sweet. Unomdla, akunjalo?
Kutheni le nto kufuneka sikhathalele ukuba iithoyi zithengiswa ngokwesini?
Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba bekuhlala kunje, ukuba ipinki yeyamantombazana kwaye iblue yeyamakhwenkwe, kutheni kufuneka sitshintshe?
Kodwa kwakungasoloko kunjalo. Kwaye nokuba ucingela ukuba le yantlukwano yesini iphawulweyo ibisoloko ikhona, eso ayisosizathu sinyanzelisayo sokuyigcina. Uphononongo lusixelela ukuba xa sinika abantwana bethu izinto zokudlala ezihambelana neengcamango zesini, sinciphisa izakhono abanokuzifunda kwixesha elizayo kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, imidla yabo.
Uphando olwenziwe kwi IRhodes College ibonise ukuba abafana badla ngokudlala ngezinto zokudlala ezikhulisa ubukrelekrele bendawo. Ngoko akufanele kumangalise ukuba amantombazana amancinci afumana amanqaku aphantsi kuvavanyo lobukrelekrele bendawo. Kwelinye icala, izinto zokudlala ezithengiselwa amantombazana, ezifana neethoyi ezithambileyo, oonodoli okanye amakhitshi amancinci, zikhuthaza unxibelelwano novelwano, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba ekugqibeleni ziphuhlise ezi zakhono ngaphezu kwamakhwenkwe amaninzi.
Olunye uphononongo olwenziwe e Oregon State University uye wafumanisa ukuba izinto zokudlala eziphindaphinda iingcamango zesini zichaphazela ulwazi lomsebenzi lwabantwana abaneminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwesi-7. Aba baphandi bafumanise ukuba amantombazana adlala noBarbies abonise iinketho ezimbalwa zekamva labo kunamakhwenkwe namantombazana adlala nawo. Nksz. Intloko yetapile.
Ngoko ke, izinto zokudlala abantwana abathanda ukudlala ngazo zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwabo lonke. Abapheleli nje ekubumbeni imbono yabo ngoluntu, kodwa banokunciphisa amandla alo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, bayandise. Ukuvumela abantwana ukuba bakhethe amathoyizi abanomdla kakhulu kubo, ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukhetho lwabo ngokwesini, kubavumela ukuba bahlolisise indalo ebanzi kwaye bazifumane, ngaphaya kweendima eziqinileyo ihlabathi labadala elizama ukunyanzela kubo.
Oonodoli babengasoloko besenzelwa amantombazana yaye iilori zamakhwenkwe
Izinto zokudlala zamantombazana ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-20 ukuya koo-60 ubukhulu becala zazigxile kumacandelo asekhaya nakwezemfundo. Ngokucacileyo ezi zinto zokudlala zazilungiselelwe ukulungiselela amantombazana ubomi bobufazi nokunyamekela imisebenzi yasekhaya. Kunoko, izinto zokudlala zabantwana zelo xesha zazinenjongo yokubalungiselela ukuba bangene kwihlabathi lemisebenzi ababeyifumana kuqoqosho lwemizi-mveliso.
Ngokwenene, asinakulibala ukuba imidlalo kunye nezinto zokudlala zisisithuthi sokulungiselela abantwana ubomi babantu abadala, ukuze ngokuthe ngcembe bazuze ubuchule obubenza bakwazi ukusabela kwiimfuno ezithile zoluntu.
Nangona kunjalo, iintengiso zokudlala ngokwesini ziye zehla ngokuphawulekayo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-70 njengoko abafazi abaninzi babengena emsebenzini, okuhambelana nokonyuswa kwentshukumo yabasetyhini. Ngenxa yoko, kwiintengiso zekhathalogu zikaSears ngowe-1975, ngaphantsi kwesi-2 ekhulwini sezinto zokudlala ezithengiswe ngokucacileyo kumakhwenkwe okanye kumantombazana. Ngokwenene, kwakungeli xesha apho iinkolelo zesini kwintengiso yezinto zokudlala zaqala ukucelwa umngeni.
Kwandula ke kwenzeka into ephikisanayo: nangona ukungalingani ngokwesini kwihlabathi labantu abadala kwaqhubeka kuncipha, ukuyekwa kwenkqubo yeenkqubo zikamabonwakude zabantwana eUnited States ngowe-1984 kwabangela ukuba abavelisi bezinto zokudlala bahluke ngakumbi phakathi kweentengiso zabo nezinto zokudlala abazibhengezayo. Ngeminyaka yoo-80, intengiso yezinto zokudlala ezingathathi hlangothi zokulingana ngokwesini zehla, kwaye ngo-1995, iithoyi ezahlulwe ngokwesini zenza malunga nesiqingatha sezibonelelo zekhathalogu zeSears.
Uphononongo lwentlalontle olwenziwe kwiminyaka nje elishumi edlulileyo, ngo-2012, luveze ukuba zonke iithoyi ezithengiswayo kwiwebhusayithi yeDisney Store zidweliswe ngokucacileyo njenge "zamakhwenkwe" okanye "zamantombazana." Kwakungekho ndlela yayiza kusinda kulo mahluko ucacileyo, nangona kwakucacile ukuba kukho amathoyizi angathathi hlangothi kuzo zombini izintlu. Okwangoku, iDisney iyilungisile ikhathalogu yayo kwaye ayisazihluli iithoyi zayo ngokohlobo.
Kule veki, ikhowudi entsha yokuzilawula ye intengiso yokudlala eSpeyin uye wagqiba kwelokuba ayiphelise ingcamango yokuba izinto zokudlala zinesini. Icandelo loluntu liphakamisa isikhalo emazulwini xa lizama ukutshintsha imeko yezinto zokudlala ngokubanga ukuba ukungathathi cala ngokwesini kuya kuguqula abantwana babe zii-automaton ezizii-androgynous ezinokudlala kuphela ngezinto ezikruqulayo zemibala efihlakeleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kungqinwa ngombala oqaqambileyo wemibala kunye nokwahluka kwezinto zokudlala ezazikho ngeminyaka yee-70, ukuzohlula ngokwesini kwandisa iinketho ezikhoyo kubantwana. Ivula ithuba lokuba baphonononge kwaye baphuhlise izinto abazithandayo kunye nezakhono zabo, ngaphandle kwezithintelo ezingqongqo ezibekwe ziingqikelelo zesini. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, asiyiyo le nto siyifunayo kubantwana bethu? Ngamana bangaba nenkululeko yokuzikhethela indlela yabo.
Umda:
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Jirout, JJ & Newcombe: NS (2015) Iibhloko zokwakha zokuphuhlisa izakhono zendawo: ubungqina obuvela kwisampuli enkulu, emele i-US. Psychol Sci; 26 (3): 302-310.
USherman, AM & Zubriggen, EL (2014) "Amakhwenkwe Anokuba Nantoni na": Impembelelo ye-Barbie Dlala kwiiNgcaciso zeMisebenzi yamantombazana. Imisebenzi yezesondo; 70: 195-208.
I-Sweet, E. (2014) Izinto zokudlala zohlulwe ngakumbi ngokweSini ngoku kunokuba zazinjalo kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo. En: iAtlantiki.
I-Auster, CJ & Mansbach, CS (2012) Ukuthengiswa kweSini seeToys: Uhlalutyo loMbala kunye noHlobo lweToy kwi-Website ye-Disney Store. Imisebenzi yezesondo; 67:375–388.
Wagner, A. (2002) Uhlalutyo lweSini ngeSini ngeDoli kunye nePolitiki yezoMfanekiso kwiMfundo yobuGcisa. Izifundo kwiMfundo yoBugcisa; 43 (3): 246-263.
Umnyango Izinto zokudlala zizisini ngakumbi ngoku kunokuba zazinjalo kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
