Sonke sifuna ukuphila ngcono. Sifuna ukonwaba ngakumbi kwaye singabi namaxhala ambalwa. Ingxaki asiyazi ukuba siyenze njani. Sinenjongo, kodwa indlela eya kulonwabo ibonakala ijija kwaye iyabhidisa.
Kwanangexesha lamaGrike ezinye izithandi zobulumko zazizibuza ngendlela yokuzuza ulonwabo nolungelelwano. Iimpendulo zabo zazala enye yeentshukumo zefilosofi ezibalulekileyo kwixesha lonke: ubuStoike.
U-Epictetus wayengomnye wabalandeli abaphambili. Iingcamango zakhe zineenkulungwane zakudala, kodwa zikho ngoku kangangokuba zinokunceda ekuvuleni indlela yolonwabo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.
1. Ukuze wonwabe, kufuneka uqale ukhululeke
AmaStoyike ayengacingi ngolonwabo ngaphandle kwenkululeko. U-Epictetus uye wade wayichaza loo nto "Ulonwabo alubandakanyi ukunqwenela izinto kodwa ngokukhululeka". Wayeqinisekile ukuba le nkululeko ifumaneka ngokunciphisa iminqweno ukusa kweyona ntetho incinci.
"Ubutyebi abubangeli ukuba nezinto ezininzi, kodwa iminqweno embalwa". satsho isithandi sobulumko. Ukuncamathela kwizinto kuvelisa imeko yobushushu esisusa kulonwabo kunye nokulungelelana ngokweemvakalelo. Okukhona sifuna izinto ezininzi, kokukhona kuya kufuneka sizabalazele ukuzifumana, silibale ukonwabela apha nangoku. Oku kusikhokelela kumjikelo wokunganeliseki ngokusisigxina. Ukuncamathela kwizinto eziphathekayo kukwavelisa uloyiko lokulahlekelwa kwazo, nto leyo esikhwelisa kude nangakumbi kwindlela yolonwabo.
Ke ngoko, ku-Epictetus inyathelo lokuqala ekufuneni ulonwabo kukufumana inkululeko evela ekuzihlanganiseni nezinto eziphathekayo, ekuqondeni ukuba asizifuni izinto ezininzi. Oku ingqiqo iqhawula amatyathanga amaninzi, isikhulule kwiimeko ezininzi kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo olunokuthi lube lukhulu kwaye lubandezeleke, lisivumela ukuba siqhubele phambili kunye nomthwalo olula.
2. Lahla amaxhala, kube kanye
UEpictetus wayesisithandi sobulumko sokungakhathali. Wayeqonda ukuba ukuzuza ulonwabo kufuneka singazihluli nje kuphela kwizinto kodwa nakwiingcinga zethu. Watsho "Ekuphela kwendlela yokufumana ulonwabo kukuyeka ukuxhalaba ngezinto ezingaphaya kwamandla ethu kunye nentando yethu."
Ikwasilumkisa ukuba "Umntu akaxhalabi kangako ngeengxaki zangempela, kodwa malunga nokuxhalaba ukuba ucinga ukuba ezi ngxaki zivelisa [...] Umntu akakhathazwa zizinto, kodwa ngombono wakhe ngazo [...] Iziganeko azimkhathazi, kodwa ukuqonda kwabo ”.
Ngokuka-Epictetus, kufuneka sifunde ukulahla amaxhala afaka umthwalo ongeyomfuneko kubomi bethu. Ukwenza oku, kufuneka siqonde ukuba amaxesha amaninzi ukuxhalaba, uloyiko okanye ukukhungatheka akuveli kwiziganeko ngokwazo, kodwa kwindlela esizitolika ngayo.
Ukuba sicinga ukuba kukho into embi eyenzekileyo, siya kusabela ngomsindo, ngokudana okanye ngosizi. Ukuba sicinga ukuba kukho into embi enokwenzeka, sisabela ngexhala, uxinezeleko kunye noloyiko. Kodwa ezo mvakalelo zingaphezulu kwemveliso yomgwebo wethu kuneziganeko ngokwazo.
“Asiyonto eyenzekayo kuwe, kodwa yindlela oyiqesha ngayo. Intlungu kunye nokubandezeleka kuvela kwinto esizixelela yona ngemiphumo, ikamva, oko kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yento eyenzekayo ", U-Epictetus uthe ebhekisa kwibali esiyakha malunga neziganeko. Indlela yokuphelisa loo mkhwa?
Ukuqonda ukuba kukho umsantsa phakathi kokwenyani kunye nempendulo yethu kusivumela ukuba singenelele ngokuchanekileyo kwinqanaba apho sinolawulo oluthile: iingcinga zethu kwinto eyenzekayo. Enyanisweni u-Epictetus wayithetha loo nto "Iimeko azimenzi umntu, zityhila kuphela into ekuye". Konke kuxhomekeke kwilensi esijonga ngayo. Isimo sethu sengqondo kunye nolonwabo lwethu ekugqibeleni luya kuxhomekeka kwabo bacothayo.
3. Musa ukulwa neemeko, zamkele ngaphandle kwemiqathango
Enye yezona mfuno zibalulekileyo zolonwabo kwifilosofi yamaStoyikeulwamkelo olukhulu. Enyanisweni, amaStoyike avelisa iindlela ezininzi zokusinceda samkele izinto. Ngokomzekelo, uSeneca wacebisa ukuba sihlolisise izinto ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye, siphawule xa sicatshukiswa yinto nje engenamsebenzi okanye sicaphuka ngento esingasifanelanga. Ukuba siyakwazi ukuzibona ezo mpazamo, sinokusiphucula isimo sethu sengqondo ngosuku olulandelayo size sisabele ngokulinganayo ngakumbi.
UEpictetus yena wayecinga ukuba, ukuba silindele ukuba indalo isinike oko sikufunayo, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuphoxeka. Kwelinye icala, ukuba siyakwamkela oko sikubona kwindalo iphela, ubomi bethu buya kunyamezeleka yaye siya konwaba ngakumbi.
Usinika icebiso lobulumko: “Musa ukulindela ukuba izinto zenzeke ngendlela onqwenela ngayo. Endaweni yoko, nethemba lokuba ziyenzeka njengoko zisenza, kwaye uya konwaba ”. Embindini wefilosofi yakhe yayikukwamkelwa okungenamqathango, okungathethi ukungeniswa okanye ukurhoxa, kodwa ukuvuma ngokulula kokwenyani njengoko kunjalo.
Kuphela kuxa sikuvuma ngokuphandle oko kwenzekayo apho siya kuthi sitshintshe into ekusenokwenzeka ukuba itshintshile size siyeke ukuzikhathaza ngezinto esingakwaziyo ukuzilawula. Ngelo xesha siyayeka ukusabela ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze siqalise ukucwangcisa impendulo yethu. Siyabulawula ubomi bethu.
U-Epictetus usicebisa ukuba siphendule ngokuguquguqukayo kutshintsho olwenzeka kwindawo esihlala kuyo, ngaphandle kokuchasa ngokungeyomfuneko, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba ezo ziganeko azihambelani neminqweno yethu, balindele okanye umbono wehlabathi.
UEpictetus wayekukholelwa oko "Ulonwabo lunokufumaneka kuphela ngaphakathi". Wazama ukunika abafundi bakhe indlela esa kulonwabo lobuqu ngokumisela “iimfuneko” ezisasebenza nanamhlanje.
Umnyango Iimfuno ezi-3 zokufumana ulonwabo, ngokuka-Epictetus yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
