Ukuba sonke besilungile kwaye sikrelekrele njengoko sicinga ukuba sinjalo, ihlabathi beliya kuba yindawo engcono kakhulu. Ingxaki kukuba isiphumo se-Wobegon singenelela phakathi kokuzibona kwethu kunye nenyani.
ILake Wobegon yidolophu yasentsomini ehlala abalinganiswa abakhethekileyo kuba bonke abafazi bomelele, amadoda abukekayo kwaye abantwana bakrelekrele kunomndilili. Esi sixeko, esenziwe ngumbhali kunye nomculi ohlekisayo uGarrison Keillor, sathiya igama laso “kwisiphumo seWobegon,” umkhethe ophakamileyo okwaziwa ngokuba ngowongamileyo.
Yintoni umphumo weWobegon?
Kwakuyi-1976 xa iBhodi yeKholeji yanikezela enye yeesampulu ezibanzi zokuziphatha okuphezulu. Kwizigidi zabafundi abathathe iimviwo zeSAT, i-70% bakholelwa ukuba bangaphezulu komndilili, nto leyo, ngokwezibalo, yayingenakwenzeka.
Kunyaka kamva, isazi ngengqondo uPatricia Cross wafumanisa ukuba obu bungangamsha bunokonakala ngokuhamba kwexesha. Xa wayedlan’ indlebe nonjingalwazi beYunivesithi yaseNebraska, wafumanisa ukuba abangama-94 ekhulwini bacinga ukuba ubuchule babo bokufundisa bongamile ngama-25 ekhulwini.
Ke ngoko, isiphumo seWobegon siya kuba sityekelo lokucinga ukuba singcono kunabanye, sizibeke ngaphezulu komndilili, sikholelwa ukuba sineempawu ezintle, iimpawu kunye nobuchule ngelixa sinciphisa ezimbi.
Umbhali uKathryn Schulz uchaze olu khetho lubalaseleyo ngokugqibeleleyo xa kuziwa ekuzivavanyeni: Uninzi lwethu luphila ubomi obucinga ukuba sinyanisekile, ngalo lonke ixesha, malunga nayo yonke into: iinkolelo zethu zezopolitiko nezengqondo, iinkolelo zethu zonqulo nezokuziphatha, ukugweba kwethu abanye abantu, iinkumbulo zethu, ukuqonda kwethu izibakala. ... Nangona kubonakala kungenangqondo xa sinqumama ukucinga ngayo, imeko yethu yendalo ibonakala ngathi singaqondanga sicinga ukuba phantse sazi zonke. "
Ngapha koko, isiphumo seWobegon sinabela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Akukho nto isindayo kwimpembelelo yakhe. Sisenokucinga ukuba sinyanisekile, sikrelekrele, sizimisele kwaye sinesisa kunabanye.
Oku kukhetha ukongama kunokwandisa kubudlelwane. Ngo-1991, izazi ngengqondo uVan Yperen noBuunk bafumanisa ukuba abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba ulwalamano lwabo lungcono kunolwabanye.
Umkhethe ochasene nobungqina
Isiphumo se-Wobegon lukhetho oluxhathisayo ngokukodwa. Ngapha koko, ngamanye amaxesha siyala ukuvula amehlo ethu nakubungqina obubonisa ukuba asinakulunga okanye silumke njengoko sicinga.
Ngomnyaka we-1965, izazi zengqondo uPreston noHarris baxoxisana nabaqhubi be-50 esibhedlele emva kwengozi yendlela, i-34 yabo yayijongene nengozi, ngokweerekhodi zamapolisa. Baphinde badlan' indlebe nabaqhubi abangama-50 abaneerekhodi zokuqhuba ezisulungekileyo. Bafumanise ukuba abaqhubi kuwo omabini amaqela bacinga ukuba ubuchule babo bokuqhuba bungaphezulu komndilili, kwanabo babangele le ngozi.
Kuba ngathi sibumba umfanekiso wethu obekwe ematyeni ekunzima kakhulu ukuwutshintsha, nangona kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuba oku akunjalo. Ngapha koko, iingcali ze-neuroscientists kwiYunivesithi yaseTexas ziye zafumanisa ukuba kukho imodeli ye-neural exhasa olu khetho lokuzivavanya kwaye isenza sigwebe ubuntu bethu njengobulungileyo kwaye bungcono kunobabanye.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, baye bafumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwengqondo lulonyusa olu hlobo lwesigwebo. Ngamanye amazwi, okukhona sicinezeleka ngakumbi, kokukhona sityekela ngakumbi ekuqiniseni ukholo lwethu lokuba songamile. Oku kubonisa ukuba oku kuxhathisa kusebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukukhusela ukuzithemba kwethu.
Xa sijamelene neemeko ekunzima ukuzilawula kunye nokudibanisa nomfanekiso esinawo ngokwethu, sinokuphendula ngokuvala amehlo ethu kwiimvavanyo ukuze singaziva sibi kakhulu. Lo matshini wona ngokwawo awukho kakubi kuba unokusinika ixesha esilidingayo ukuba siqwalasele okwenzekileyo kwaye sitshintshe umfanekiso esinawo ngathi ukuze siwenze ube yinyaniso.
Ingxaki iqala xa sibambelela kobo bugxwayiba bobungangamsha size singavumi ukuvuma iimpazamo neentsilelo. Xa kunjalo, siya kuba sichaphazeleka kakhulu.
Luvela phi ucalucalulo oluphakamileyo?
Sikhulela kuluntu olusixelela ukusuka sisebancinci ukuba “sikhethekile” kwaye sisoloko sinconywa ngenxa yesakhono sethu, kunokuba siphumelele kunye nemizamo yethu. Oku kusibekela isiseko sokwenza umfanekiso ogqwethekileyo wokufaneleka kwethu, indlela yethu yokucinga okanye iinqobo zethu kunye nobuchule bethu.
Into esengqiqweni yeyokuba njengoko sikhula sihlakulela imbono esengqiqweni ngakumbi ngezakhono zethu kwaye siyazazi iintsilelo neentsilelo zethu. Kodwa akusoloko kunjalo. Maxa wambi intiyo yokuba mkhulu ikhula.
Enyanisweni, sonke sinotyekelo lokuzibona ngendlela eyakhayo. Xa besibuza ukuba sinjani na, siya kubalaselisa iimpawu zethu ezintle, imilinganiselo kunye nobuchule, ukuze xa sizithelekisa nabanye, sizive sibhetele. Yinto eqhelekileyo. Ingxaki kukuba ngamanye amaxesha i-ego inokudlala amaqhinga kuthi, isenze ukuba sinike ukubaluleka ngakumbi kwizakhono zethu, iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kunabanye.
Umzekelo, ukuba sinobudlelwane ngakumbi kunomndilili, siya kuba notyekelo lokucinga ukuba ukuhlalisana luphawu olubaluleke kakhulu kwaye siya kuyibaxa kakhulu indima yalo ebomini. Kwakhona kusenokwenzeka ukuba, nangona sinyanisekile, siya kubaxa ukunyaniseka kwethu xa sizithelekisa nabanye.
Ngenxa yoko, siya kukholelwa ukuba, ngokubanzi, singaphezulu komndilili kuba siphuhlisele awona manqanaba aphezulu ezo mpawu “ezenza umahluko ngokwenene” ebomini.
Uphononongo olwenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseTel Aviv luveze ukuba xa sizithelekisa nabanye, asisebenzisi umgangatho weqela eliqhelekileyo, koko sigxile kakhulu kuthi, nto leyo esenza sikholelwe ukuba singaphezulu kwamanye amalungu.
Isazi ngengqondo uJustin Kruger ufumanise ukuba kwizifundo zakhe “Olu tyekelo lucebisa ukuba abantu 'babambelele' kuvavanyo lwabo lwezakhono zabo kwaye 'balungelelanise' ngokunelanga ukuze bangathatheli ngqalelo izakhono zeqela lothelekiso.“. Ngamanye amazwi, sizivavanya ngokwembono enzulu yokucingela iziqu zethu.
Ukongama okukhohlisayo ngakumbi, ukukhula okuncinci
Umonakalo onokubangelwa yi-Wobegon wodlula nayiphi na inzuzo esizisela yona.
Abantu abanalo mkhethe banokucinga ukuba izimvo zabo zizo zodwa ezisebenzayo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba nabo bakholelwa ukuba bakrelekrele kunomndilili, baphela bengeva nantoni na engahambelani nombono wabo wehlabathi. Esi simo sengqondo siyabathintela kuba sibathintela ekubeni bavuleleke kwezinye iimbono nezinto ezinokwenzeka.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, baba ngabantu abangqwabalala, abazicingela bodwa nabanganyamezeliyo abanye abantu, kodwa babambelele kwiimfundiso nakwiindlela zabo zokucinga. Bacima ukucinga okubalulekileyo okubavumela ukuba benze umthambo ekuzihloleni ngokunyanisekileyo, ngoko ke bagqiba ekubeni benze izigqibo ezimbi.
Uphononongo olwenziwa kwiYunivesithi yaseSheffield lwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba asisindi isiphumo seWobegon naxa sigula. Aba baphandi bacele abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqikelele ukuba kaninzi kangakanani bona kunye noontanga babo babandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okunempilo kunye nokungahambi kakuhle. Abantu banike ingxelo yokuba baziqhelanisa nokuziphatha okunempilo rhoqo kunomndilili.
Abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio bafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwezigulane ezinomhlaza ezibulalayo zicinga ukuba ziya kudlula okulindelweyo. Ingxaki, ngokutsho kwezi ngcali zengqondo, kukuba le ntembelo nethemba lalisoloko limenza “ukukhetha unyango olungasebenziyo nolwenzakalisayo. Endaweni yokwandisa ubomi, olu nyango luwunciphisa kakhulu umgangatho wobomi bezigulana kwaye lwenze buthathaka amandla abo kunye neentsapho zabo ekulungiseleleni ukufa kwabo. "
UFriedrich Nietzsche ubhekisele kubantu abavaleleke kwisiphumo seWobegon njenge "bildungsphilisters". Ngeli gama wayethetha abo bazingcayo ngolwazi, amava kunye nezakhono zabo, nokuba eneneni ezi zinqongophele kakhulu kuba zisekelwe kuphando lokuzanelisa.
Kwaye esi sesinye sezitshixo zokunciphisa ucalucalulo oluphezulu: ukuphuhlisa isimo sengqondo esicela umngeni kuwe. Endaweni yokwaneliseka kwaye sikholelwe ukuba singaphezulu komndilili, kufuneka sizame ukuqhubeka nokukhula ngokucela umngeni kwiinkolelo zethu, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni kunye nendlela yokucinga.
Yiyo loo nto kufuneka sifunde ukuzola i-ego ukukhupha olona guqulelo lubalaseleyo lwethu. Ukuqonda ukuba umkhethe wokuphakama uphela ngokuvuza ukungazi, ukungazi okushukunyiswayo ekuya kuba kuhle ukubaleka.
Umda:
Wolf, J.H. & Wolf, K.S. (2013) I-Lake Wobegon Effect: Ngaba zonke izigulana zomhlaza ngaphezu komndilili? UMilbank Q; 91 (4): 690-728.
Ubhiya, i-JS & Hughes, BL (2010) IiNkqubo ze-Neural zokuQhathaniswa kweNtlalo kunye ne-"Avave-Average" Isiphumo. Neuroimage; 49 (3): 2671-9.
Giladi, E.E. & Klar, Y. (2002) Xa imigangatho ibanzi yophawu: Ubukhulu obungakhethiyo kunye nokungakhethi cala ekuthelekiseni iimbono zezinto kunye neengqiqo. I-Journal ye-Psychology: Ingqapheli; 131(4):538–551.
Hoorens, V. & Harris, P. (1998) Ukugqwetheka kwiingxelo zokuziphatha kwezempilo: Isiphumo sexesha lexesha kunye nokunyaniseka okukhohlisayo. Psychology kunye neMpilo; 13 (3): 451-466.
Kruger, J. (1999) I-Lake Wobegon ayisekho! "Isiphumo esingaphantsi komndilili" kunye nemo ye-egocentric yokuthelekisa isakhono sokugweba. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo; 77(2): 221-232.
UVan Yperen, N. W & Buunk, BP (1991) Uthelekiso oluBonelelo, uQhathaniso loBudlelwane, kunye noTshintsho loTshintsho: Ubudlelwane babo nokwaneliseka komtshato. Ubuntu kunye neNzululwazi yezeNzululwazi zeBlue; 17 (6): 709-717.
Cross, K.P. (1977) Ngaba abanako kodwa ngaba abafundisi-ntsapho basekholejini baya kuphuculwa? Imikhombandlela emitsha yeMfundo ePhakamileyo; 17: 1-15 .
Preston, C. E. & Harris, S. (1965) I-Psychology yabaqhubi kwiingozi zendlela. Umbhalo we-Applied Psychology; 49(4): 284-288.
Umnyango Impembelelo ye-Wobegon, kutheni sicinga ukuba singaphezulu komndilili? yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
