Zomwe zimakhudzanso kupatukana ndi momwe mungachepetsere: kuwunikanso mwachangu umboniwo

Lancet, February 26, 2020

Nkhani Yoyambirira ya Samantha K Brooks, Rebecca K Webster, Louise E Smith, Lisa Woodland, Simon Wessely, Neil Greenberg, Gideon James Rubin

Kufalikira kwa Coronavirus, kuyambira Disembala 2019, kwawona mayiko angapo padziko lonse lapansi akugwira ntchito yopempha omwe adakumana ndi kachilomboka kuti alumikizane kudzipatula kunyumba kapena kupempha thandizo kuzipatala. 

Koma fayilo ya kwaokha, makamaka? Limatanthauza "Kuletsa kuyenda kwa anthu omwe atha kutenga matenda opatsirana, kuwonetsetsa kuti sakudwala komanso kupewa chiopsezo chotengera anthu ena.". Kudzipatula kumasiyana ndi "kudzipatula", kutanthauza kupatukana kwa anthu omwe amapezeka kuti ali ndi matenda opatsirana kwambiri kuchokera kwa anthu osadwala. Komabe, mawu awiriwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana, makamaka polumikizana ndi anthu (mwachitsanzo atolankhani). 

Njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mpaka pano chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa matenda a coronavirus ochokera ku China zikuwonekeranso munthawi yofananira zaka zapitazo, monga mliri wa SARS mu 2003, pomwe njirazi zidakhazikitsidwa ku China ndi Canada, kapena kufalikira kwa Ebola 2014 yomwe idafunikira kupatula mayiko angapo aku West Africa. 

Lingaliro loti anthu azikhala okhaokha mdziko muno liyenera kutengera umboni wabwino wasayansi pankhaniyi, ndipo ndichifukwa choti kupatula anthu ena kumakhala kosasangalatsa kwa iwo omwe amakhala, makamaka ngati tikuganiza za omwe akuchita nawo oyang'anira zadzidzidzi. (anamwino, madotolo, ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo etc.). Kuwunikanso kwasayansi komweko, chifukwa chake, kunachitika kuti amvetsetse momwe amathandizira kupatsidwako: ndikofunikira kupimitsa mtengo ndi phindu lalingaliro lamphamvu ngati chololeza anthu ambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, WHO ikufuna mtundu uwu wowunikiridwa ndi asayansi kuti asonkhanitse umboni waposachedwa kwambiri pamutuwu kuti athe kupereka malangizo kwa anthu. 

Kuchokera papulatifomu ya 3 yamagetsi (PudMed, PychINFO, Web of Science), zolemba za 3166 zidasankhidwa, zomwe 24 zokha ndizomwe zidaphatikizidwa pakuwunikaku. Mwa njira zophatikizira, pali:

• zolemba zoyambira;
• lofalitsidwa m'magazini owunikiridwa ndi anzawo;
• kulembedwa mu Chingerezi kapena Chitaliyana (zilankhulo za olemba);
• ophunzira omwe adaphatikizidwa m'maphunzirowa adayikidwa kunja kwa malo achipatala kwa maola osachepera 24;
• Kuphatikiza zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi thanzi lam'mutu, thanzi lamaganizidwe ndi / kapena zina zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe.

 

Mphamvu yamaganizidwe opatsirana

Zolemba zidasanthula za kukhazikitsidwa komwe kumayikidwa kutsatira SARS (2003), Ebola (2014), chimfine cha mliri H1N1 (2009-2010), MERS ndi chimfine cha equine. Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika kwa asayansi, zotsatirazi zikuwonekera:

• m'maphunziro angapo, kwafotokozedwa kuti iwo omwe adakhala kwakanthawi, poyerekeza ndi anthu omwe sangapatsidwe kwaokha, adawonetsa milungu ingapo kutha kwa zizindikiritso zakumva kuwawa kwam'maganizo, nkhawa ndi mantha, kukwiya komanso mantha, chisoni, kutaya mtima komanso kukhumudwa, mkwiyo ndi kusokonezeka, kusowa tulo. Zotsatirazi zikuwoneka makamaka kwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi kachiromboka; pakadali pano, omverawo adawonetsa kutopa, kudzipatula kwa ena, nkhawa pochita ndi odwala malungo, kukana kupita kuntchito. 
• Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ana omwe amakhala kwaokha komanso osakhala kwayokha ndikofunikira, ndikuchulukirachulukira kwa 4 kwazizindikiro zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chazisoni pambuyo povutika; Zowopsa zidawonekeranso mwa kuchuluka kwa makolo. 
• Ponena za ophunzira aku yunivesite, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunapezeka pakati pa ophunzira omwe amakhala okhaokha osati (mwina chifukwa cha msinkhu wa ana ndi maudindo ochepa, ngati akuyerekeza ndi achikulire omwe akugwira ntchito).
• Kafukufuku wina adayang'ana zotsatira zakanthawi yayitali, kuwonetsa kuti peresenti ya akatswiri azaumoyo adawonetsa kukhumudwa kwambiri ngakhale atatha zaka zitatu.
• Zomwe zimachitika pamakhalidwe ndizofunikira, makamaka ponena za kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa ndi zizolowezi zina, komanso machitidwe ambiri opewera (malo odzaza anthu, anthu omwe amayetsemula ndi kutsokomola).

 

Pre-kuika kwaokha olosera zam'mutu zimakhudza

Zambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana kale zomwe zimaneneratu zakusokonekera kwamaganizidwe ndizosiyana ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zosagwirizana. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ogwira ntchito zaumoyo ndiwo gulu lomwe limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotulukapo zapadera, kukumana ndi zokhumudwitsa, kusowa chochita, kusungulumwa, mantha ndi nkhawa, chisoni, kudziimba mlandu, komanso zizindikiritso zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake.

 

Opanikizika panthawi yokhazikika

• Kutalika kwa kupatula: Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti pamene kutalika kwa anthu opatsirana kumachulukirachulukira, zizindikilo zamavuto am'maganizo zimangokulirakulira, makamaka zizindikilo za kupsinjika mtima pambuyo pake, mkwiyo komanso machitidwe opewera. 
• Kuopa kutenga kachilomboka: malingaliro akumva opatsirana amachuluka, komanso alamu pachizindikiro chilichonse chokhudzana ndi matendawa, ndipo izi zimatha kupitilirabe ngakhale miyezi ingapo kutha kwayokha. 
• Kukhumudwa ndi kusungulumwa: Kumangidwa, kutaya chizolowezi, kuchezako ndi anthu ena ndi mikhalidwe yomwe imakhudzana nthawi zambiri ndi kunyong'onyeka, kukhumudwa komanso kudzipatula.
• Zosakwanira komanso zinthu zofunikira: anthu omwe alibe zofunikira zoyambirira, monga chakudya, madzi, zovala, amakhala ndi nkhawa komanso mkwiyo ngakhale miyezi ingapo kutha kwayokha. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wambiri apeza kuti munthawi yadzidzidzi yolamulidwa ndi ma virus, thanzi laboma nthawi zambiri limalephera kupereka zinthu zokwanira zodzitetezera, monga masks ndi ma thermometer, kapena zinthu zofunika, monga chakudya ndi madzi, munthawi yoyenera. Izi zimakhudza kwambiri malingaliro am'maganizo omwe amakhala kwaokha. 
• Zambiri zosakwanira: mfundo yomaliza, komaliza, maphunziro ambiri apeza kusakwanira kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi magwero azachipatala ngati chodetsa nkhawa, chomwe chimayambitsa chisokonezo pokhudzana ndi malangizo omwe ayenera kutsatiridwa komanso pazolimbikitsa zenizeni za kupatula lokha. Kusamveka bwino kumeneku, kwapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri aziwopa thanzi lawo.

Otsalira pambuyo pokhazikika

• Zinthu zachuma: zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kutayika kwachuma kwa iwo omwe akupeza kuti akuyenera kusokoneza zochitika zawo chifukwa chobindikiritsidwa ndi ena mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pachiwopsezo, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazitali pokhudzana ndi thanzi lam'mutu. Makamaka, imodzi mwa kafukufuku wa SARS ikuwonetsa kuti ku Canada anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zosakwana 40.000 ku Canada pachaka amadwala pambuyo povutitsa komanso kukhumudwa kwakukulu kuposa anthu ena onse. Mwanjira imeneyi, kuchepa kwa ndalama zabanja, chithandizo chimayenera kukhala chachikulu, mwachitsanzo powonetsetsa kuti ntchito yakunyumba ikuchokera kutali ngati zingatheke, kapena popereka ndalama zothandizira ndalama zopatsirana. 
• manyazi: nkhani yakusalidwa ndi imodzi mwapanikizika; zawonetsedwa kuti nthawi zambiri anthu omwe adakhalapo kwaokha amasalidwa ndikupewa kwakanthawi atatha kumangidwa. Kulekanitsidwa kumeneku kumawonetsedwa kudzera pamakhalidwe monga: kupewa thupi, kukana mayitanidwe ena, mantha ndi kukayikirana, mpaka pamalingaliro ovuta. M'mayiko omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri, izi zitha kukulitsa kusalana komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusiyana mafuko ndi zipembedzo. Komanso pankhaniyi, chifukwa chake, kufalitsa chidziwitso chodziwika bwino komanso cholondola kumawoneka kuti kumachepetsa kwambiri kusala.

 

Zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti muchepetse zovuta zakubindikiritsidwa

Poyang'anizana ndi kufalikira kwakukulu kwa matenda oopsa kwambiri, kuika kwaokha padera kungakhale njira yodzitetezera. Komabe, monga tafotokozera kafukufukuyu wasayansi, pali zovuta zambiri zamaganizidwe zomwe zimaganiziridwa, makamaka pazotsatira zakanthawi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti izi ziyenera kuganiziridwanso pokhazikitsa njira zoletsazi.

Mwambiri, kuwunika kwasayansi komwe kwachitika sikukuwonetsa momwe zinthu zakakhalidwe ka anthu zimayambitsira kupsinjika, ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi zofooka zomwe zidalipo amafunikira chisamaliro ndi chithandizo. Chinthu china chofunikira kukumbukira ndi kuthandizira gulu la akatswiri azaumoyo.

Ndiye muyenera kuchita chiyani kuti muchepetse zovuta zoyika kwaokha?

• Chepetsani nthawi yokhazikikaPopeza kutalikirana kwanthawi yayitali, zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizidwe ndizo, zikuwoneka zomveka kuchepetsa kupatula kwa nthawi yakudwala matendawa, osati kupitirira apo, kuti muchepetse zomwe zimakhudza malingaliro amunthu. Kuyika anthu mokakamizika kwaokha kwanthawi yayitali, monga ku Wuhan ku China [komanso ku Italy], zitha kukhala zowononga kwambiri. 
• Patsani anthu zambiri momwe angathere: kuwopa kutenga kachilomboka kapena kufalikira, malingaliro owonjezeka a zizindikiritso za somatic zokhudzana ndi matendawa, ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimapezeka mwa iwo omwe amakhala munthawi yopumira. Izi, komabe, zitha kukulitsidwa chifukwa chochepa komanso chidziwitso chochepa choperekedwa ndi mabungwe azachipatala komanso odalirika. Pachifukwa ichi, kufalitsa kwazidziwitso koyenera kuyenera kuyikidwa pazofunikira kwambiri pamlingo wofunikira monga kupatula.
• Perekani zinthu zofunika komanso zofunikira: Zogulitsa zoyambirira ndi zofunikira ziyenera kuperekedwa mwachangu momwe zingathere, ndikupanga njira zolowererapo.
• Kuchepetsa kulankhulana komanso kuthandizana kulankhulana: kudzipatula komanso kusungulumwa kumayambitsa mavuto. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kupatsa iwo omwe ali kwaokha zida ndi malingaliro othandizira kuthana ndi kusamalira izi. Zina mwazida izi, matelefoni, malo ochezera akutali (monga zoulutsira mawu), matelefoni othandizira, ndi zida zonse zofunikira, osati "zapamwamba". Kukhala wokhoza kulumikizana ndi abale athu komanso omwe timadziwana nawo kumakhala kofunikira panthawi yayitali yodzipatula. Izi zimathandizira kuchepetsa kudzipatula, kupsinjika ndi mantha. Chofunikanso ndi matelefoni omwe amaperekedwa ndi a zaumoyo, kwa iwo omwe amakhala kuti ali ndi matendawa. Pomaliza, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti magulu othandizira omwe adalapo kwaokha atha kukhala chida chothandiza kwambiri, chofuna kugawana zovuta ndi zokumana nazo zokhudzana ndi kudzipatula.
• Makamaka akatswiri azaumoyo: Thandizo lochokera ku bungwe komwe wogwira ntchito yazaumoyo amagwira ntchito ndilofunika kwambiri kuti tipewe kudziona kuti ndife olakwa chifukwa chokana kuthandiza anzawo, komanso kuteteza thanzi la omwe akuwayendetsa.
• Kudzipereka vs kukakamiza: Palibe maphunziro owonetsa kusiyana komwe kulipo pakuikidwa kwaokha komanso kuvomelezedwa mwakufuna kwawo. Komabe, kulimbitsa uthenga woti kupewa kupatsira kachilomboka kumathandiza kuteteza ena, makamaka omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, ndikuti olamulira amayamikira iwo omwe amatsatira njira zotetezera izi, amathandizira kupewa mavuto amisala, komanso kutsatira kwambiri zoletsedwazo. Komabe, khalidweli liyenera kutsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso chokwanira (monga chawonetsedwa pamwambapa), makamaka momwe tingatetezere omwe amakhala pakhomo.

 

Mawuwo

Ndemanga zasayansi zomwe zafotokozedwa pano zikuwonetsa kuti zomwe zimakhudza thanzi lam'mutu chifukwa cha zoletsa, monga kupatula ena, zitha kukhala zazikulu, zazikulu komanso zazitali. Izi, komabe, sizikutanthauza kuti kuika kwaokha sikuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa kusiyanasiyana koteroko kukhoza kukhala koopsa kwambiri. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti pofotokoza izi mozama zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndimalingaliro zimaganiziridwa, chifukwa chake, njira zomwe zimayendetsedwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zitheke. Mwachidule, mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi izi:

1. fotokozerani momveka bwino: anthu omwe amakhala kwaokha akuyenera kumvetsetsa izi;
2. kulankhulana bwino komanso mwachangu ndikofunikira;
3. zofunikira (zamankhwala ndi zambiri) ziyenera kuperekedwa;
4. nthawi yokhala payokha iyenera kukhala yayifupi ndipo nthawi siyiyenera kusinthidwa, kupatula nthawi yovuta kwambiri;
5. zovuta zoyipa zambiri zimachokera pakumanidwa kwa ufulu wa munthu; kudzipatula kwawokha kumawoneka kuti kumalumikizidwa ndi mavuto ochepa komanso zovuta zakanthawi yayitali;
6. ogwira ntchito yazaumoyo akuyenera kutsindika chisankho chodzipatula.

Ngati kupezeka kwaokha ndikolakwika, mabungwewo ayenera kukumbukira kuti Zotsatira zazitali sizingakhudze anthu okha, komanso zaumoyo komanso ndale.

 

Kutanthauzira ndikusintha kwa Katiusha Hall  

L'articolo Zomwe zimakhudzanso kupatukana ndi momwe mungachepetsere: kuwunikanso mwachangu umboniwo zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyamba Katswiri wazamisala waku Milan.