Anthu anzeru amabweretsa phindu kulikonse komwe angapite. Ndili ngati nyali yomwe iwala mumdima. Kutha kwawo kuwona mopitilira, luso lawo komanso kuthekera kwawo kopitilira kulumikiza mfundo zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zosadulidwa zimawalola kupeza mayankho atsopano pomwe ambiri amalephera. Komabe, mikhalidwe ya anthu anzeru imapitilira izi.
Kwazaka zambiri, luntha lakhala likudziwika ndi IQ. Lero tikudziwa kuti luntha silimangokhala pazoluntha komanso kuthana ndi zovuta, koma zimafalikira kumadera onse amoyo. M'malo mwake, tanthauzo losavuta komanso lothandiza la luntha ndi kuthana ndi mavuto mwachangu komanso luso.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, luntha sikuti limangotengera kulingalira kwakanthawi ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malingaliro, komanso limaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa kwamalingaliro, luso, komanso kuthana ndi kukakamizidwa osagwa. Zimaphatikizaponso kuzindikira kwakukulu; ndiko kumvetsetsa momwe malingaliro athu amagwirira ntchito.
Kodi ndi ziti zazikulu zomwe munthu wanzeru amakhala nazo?
1. Amavomereza umbuli wake
Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ali bwino kuposa ena pomwe kwenikweni amakhala ozunzidwaNtchito yoyipa - Kruger, tsankho lomwe limawalepheretsa kuzindikira kuti sangathe, motero amakhala ndi chidaliro chochulukirapo komanso chopanda chifukwa. M'malo mwake, chikhalidwe chimodzi cha anthu anzeru ndikuti amazindikira umbuli wawo m'malo ena. Amazindikira zolakwa zawo, zolephera zawo kapena mipata yawo chifukwa amadziwa kuti ili ndi gawo loyamba kuthana nawo.
Anthu anzeru amachitakudzichepetsa kwa nzeru. Nthawi zonse amakhala otseguka kuti aphunzire china chatsopano ndipo mopanda manyazi amavomereza zomwe sakudziwa. Izi zimawalola kuti azilemekeza malingaliro ena ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, zimawalepheretsa kumamatira kuzikhulupiriro kapena malingaliro awo mochuluka kuti ziwalepheretse kupitilira kukula ndikuphunzira.
2. Samaimba ena mlandu pa zolakwa zawo
Anthu anzeru nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi locus of control zamkati, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amamvetsetsa kuti ali ndi mphamvu pazochitikazo. Amadziwa kuti ndi nzeru komanso kupirira amatha kupita kutali kwambiri ndikukwaniritsa zinthu zazikulu, komanso kumvetsetsa zolephera zawo.
Anthu anzeru amalandila kuyamika pazomwe achita ndipo amatenga nawo mbali pazolakwitsa ndi zolakwa zawo. Osatinso, osachepera. Samadzudzula ena kapena kuwonongedwa pamene china chake chalakwika, m'malo mwake amachulukitsanso zoyeserera zawo posintha malingaliro awo. Zowonadi, chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za anthu anzeru ndikuti amatha kuzindikira zolakwitsa ndikuphunzira kwa iwo.
3. Ali ndi malingaliro otseguka, sangathe kukana kusintha
"Muyeso wanzeru ndikutha kusintha", Albert Einstein adati. Anthu anzeru ali otseguka ku malingaliro atsopano ndi kuthekera. Amayamikira malingaliro a ena ndipo amalingalira njira zina asanapange chisankho. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku Yale University adapeza kuti anthu anzeru amakonda kukhala omvera pamaganizidwe a ena ndipo samadzipangira okha mpaka atamva malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
Amadziwanso kuti zinthu zimasintha, motero sawona kuti akufunika kutsatira njira yawo yoyamba. Sakuvutika ndi kukana kusintha. Amakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwamaganizidwe kosintha ngati atapeza njira yomwe mapulani awo sakugwirira ntchito. Nthawi zonse amafunafuna njira zina zatsopano zomwe zimawathandiza kuti athe kukonza mayankho awo.
4. Samachita ndi mkwiyo kapena kukwiya
Khalidwe la anthu anzeru ndikuti amatha kudziletsa kwambiri. Sikuti amangodziwana bwino okha ndikuwunika momwe amathandizira, komanso amadziwa momwe angayendetsere momwe akumvera. Anthuwa amakonda kudziyang'ana mozama komanso amadziwa momwe angathanirane ndi mayiko awo kuti asakhale chopinga pantchito ya kuthetsa mavuto.
Kafukufuku wazaka 22 wa anthu opitilira 600 adapeza kuti nkhanza komanso luntha ndizokhazikika m'moyo wonse. Akatswiri azamisala ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Michigan adapeza kuti IQ yocheperako ndimomwe imalosera zamphamvu. Mwachiwonekere, izi zimapanga bwalo loipa chifukwa chiwawa chimalepheretsanso kukula kwa luntha.
5. Sadzilola kutengera kusankhana
Pa moyo wathu wonse, tonsefe timakhala ndi malingaliro olakwika, omwe amatithandizira kuti tizitha kuyenda movutikira. Komabe, anthu anzeru samalola malingaliro olakwika kapena tsankho amenewo kusankha zochita zawo. Ndimatha kuwona kupitirira apo.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku Brock University ndi anthu opitilira 15 adapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ma IQ ochepa muubwana amakhala othekera kwambiri kukhala osankhana mitundu komanso okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha atakula. Anatsimikiza kuti luntha limakhala ndi tsankho, ngati nthawi zambiri silingaganizidwe.
6. Khalani ndi nthabwala
Khalidwe lina la munthu wanzeru ndi kuseka kwake. Pankhaniyi, Sigmund Freud adati nthabwala zimatilola kumasula malingaliro athu motetezeka, motsimikiza. Nthabwala ndizofunikanso kuti tipewe kutenga zinthu mopepuka komanso kudzidalira, kotero kuti anthu anzeru nthawi zambiri amadziseka okha komanso momwe alili.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa ku Medical University of Vienna adawonetsa kuti anthu anzeru amakonda kuseka zosasangalatsa, monga nthabwala zakuda. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, anthuwa amawonetsanso nkhanza zochepa komanso kusangalala. Mosakayikira, kuthekera kuseka pachilichonse, ngakhale pazomwe zimawonedwa ngati zosavomerezeka, kumawathandiza kuthana ndi zovuta, kumawalola kudzipatula kuzomwe zikuchitika ndikupeza mayankho abwinoko.
7. Amasamala kwambiri za zinthu
Sizikhalidwe zonse za anthu anzeru zomwe zili zabwino. Anthu awa amawonetsanso kuthekera kokulira kuda nkhawa komanso kukhala ana. Kafukufuku angapo apeza ubale pakati pa luntha ndi chizolowezi chodandaula kwambiri pazinthu ndikungoganiza pazowona.
Izi mwina ndichifukwa choti anthu anzeru nthawi zambiri amakana malongosoledwe apamwamba kwambiri ndipo amafunikira umboni wokwanira wotsimikizira chiphunzitsochi. Nzeru zawo zingawapangitse kufuna kukhala pansi pazinthu, kapena zingawawonetse mavuto komwe ena sakuwawona. Izi zitha kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi nkhawa zambiri, kuda nkhawa ndi zomwe zingawopseze, kapena kusanthula zochitika mobwerezabwereza mpaka atapeza tanthauzo lokwaniritsa.
Malire:
Willinger, U. et. Al. (2017) Zazindikiritso komanso malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuseketsa wakuda: gawo la nzeru, kukwiya komanso kusinthasintha. Zosamvetsetseka; 18: 159-167.
Penney, AM ndi ena. Al. (2015) Nzeru ndi zovuta zam'mutu: Kodi malingaliro odetsa nkhawa komanso owala ndi anzeru kwambiri? Makhalidwe ndi Kusiyana Kwaumodzi; 74:90-93 .
Hodson, G. & Busseri, MA (2012) Malingaliro Opatsa Maganizo Ndi Mdima Wamdima: Mphamvu Zazidziwitso Zotsika Zimaneneratu Kusankhana Kwakukulu Kudzera Pamaganizidwe Akumapiko Amanja ndi Kuyanjana Kwapakati Pakati. Psychological Science; 23 (2): 187-195.
Coplan, J. et. Al. (2011) Ubale pakati pa Nzeru ndi Kuda nkhawa: Mgwirizano ndi Subcortical White Matter Metabolism. Kutsogolo Evol Neurosci; 3:8.
Shamosh, NA (2008) Kusiyanasiyana Kwawo Pakuchepetsa Kuchotsera: Ubale ndi Nzeru, Ntchito Yokumbukira, ndi Anterior Prefrontal Cortex. Psychol Sci; 19 (9): 904-911.
Huesmann, LR et. Al. (1987) Kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso komanso ndewu. J Pers Soc Psychol; 52 (1): 232-240.
Pakhomo Makhalidwe asanu ndi awiri a munthu wanzeru, malinga ndi sayansi idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
