Mwambi wina wakale umanena kuti choyipa chodziwika chili bwino kuposa chabwino chosadziwika. Nzeru zotchuka zimawonetsa kukonda kwathu kukonda zinthu kuti zikhale momwe ziliri, pokhapokha, ngati zili zoyipa. M'malo mwake, ngakhale m'malo ovuta, osakhala abwino koma momwe tidapezera malire, timakonda kupitiliza kusintha, zakale zomwe sizidziwika. Nthawi zina zimakhala ngati timakonda kutsimikizika kwachizindikiro ku zoopsa zomwe kusatsimikizika kumatanthauza.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake timatsatira zizolowezi zakale ndikuteteza miyambo yomwe, mwanzeru, ndi yosamveka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timakhala mumgwirizano ndi poizoni. Ndipo ndichifukwa chake kuli kovuta kusintha machitidwe azikhalidwe, chikhalidwe kapena njira yokhazikika yochitira zinthu. Chizolowezi chofuna kumamatira pazomwe zili ndi dzina chili ndi: kukondera momwe ziliri (momwe ziliri).
Kodi kukondera kwenikweni kwazomwe zili ndi chiyani kwenikweni?
Kukondera kwa udindo womwe ulipo ndizosavomerezeka pazomwe zikuchitika masiku ano. Mwachizolowezi, pomwe maziko akakhazikitsidwa kapena kuzindikiridwa, imakhala malo owonetsera ndipo kusintha kulikonse kumawoneka ngati kutayika kapena kuwopseza, ngakhale kuli koyenera.
Modabwitsa, mawuwa amachokera ku mawu achilatini status quo antebellum (zikhalidwe zisanachitike nkhondo) zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pangano lamtendere. Mawuwa amatanthauza kuchoka kwa asitikali kunkhondo ndikubwerera kuboma nkhondo isanachitike, kutenga njira zakale zomwe zidalamulira chisokonezo chisanachitike.
Lero, tsankho lazomwe zikuchitika likupezeka m'malo ambiri m'moyo wathu. Chitsanzo cha momwe zinthu ziliri pomwe timagula foni yatsopano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pomwe tili ndi zosankha zambiri, timakhala ndi mwayi wosiya zosankha zomwe wopanga adaika, tikungosintha makanema ojambula, ringtone, ndi zina ziwiri kapena zitatu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti inertia ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu pazisankho ndi machitidwe athu, kuyambira zofunika kwambiri mpaka zazing'ono.
Ndiuzeni komwe mumayambira ndipo ndikuwuzani komwe mukafike
Kukondera kwa zomwe zili pano zitha kukhala zopweteketsa kwambiri, zochepetsa kwambiri zomwe tingasankhe komanso chiyembekezo chamtsogolo. Mwakuchita, poyambira pomwe timakhazikitsa kumatsimikizira komwe tidzafike, chifukwa choti sitingayerekeze kupitilira apo kapena sitiganiziranso.
Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi lamulo logwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko a New Jersey ndi Pennsylvania. Maiko onsewa (mosazindikira) adachita zoyeserera zazikulu pamalingaliro azomwe zilipo. Anapatsa nzika zawo mwayi wosankha mitundu iwiri ya inshuwaransi yamagalimoto: mfundo yotsika mtengo yomwe imalepheretsa anthu kukasuma komanso yotsika mtengo kwambiri yomwe sinakhazikitse malire pazonena. Madalaivala aku New Jersey adapatsidwa njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri posintha, ngakhale atha kusankha yotsika mtengo kwambiri, pomwe madalaivala aku Pennsylvania nthawi zonse amapatsidwa njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri, ngakhale atha kusankha njira ina.
Mu 1990, gulu la ofufuza ku University of Pennsylvania lidasanthula momwe amathandizira poyambira ndikuwona kuti ndi 23% yokha ya oyendetsa New Jersey omwe adasankha mfundo zokwera mtengo kwambiri zomwe zimaphatikizaponso ufulu woyimba milandu. Komabe, chiwerengerocho chinakwera kufika 53% pakati pa oyendetsa aku Pennsylvania.
Mwachizolowezi, kusankha kosasintha komwe timayambira kumakhudza zisankho zathu, ngakhale tikudziwa kuti titha kusintha. Sitimangochita izi chifukwa cha inertia, timakonda kukhala okhazikika pamazenera omwe tikudziwa kale kapena omwe ena adatikonzera. Izi, zachidziwikire, zimachepetsa zosankha zathu ndipo zimatitsogolera ku zovuta zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zosowa zathu zenizeni.
Zipilala za 3 zamaganizidwe zomwe zimathandizira kukondera kwamachitidwe omwe alipo
1. Kudana ndi kutaya
Zikafika pakusintha, tonsefe timasanthula zomwe zitha kutayika ndikuzifanizira ndi phindu. Vuto ndiloti sitimaganizira kwambiri poyerekeza chifukwa timayamikira zotayika kuposa zopindulitsa. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesera kochitidwa ndi ofufuza a Sukulu ya Stanford ndi za University of British Columbia.
Tiyerekeze kuti mwapatsidwa mwayi wopeza ndalama. Mukayika pepala ndikubwera pamitu, mumapambana X yuro ndipo ikatuluka mchira mumataya mayuro 100. Kodi X ayenera kukhala ochuluka motani kuti akhale ofunitsitsa kubetcha? Ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo adayankha pafupifupi ma 200 mayuro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chiyembekezo chopeza ndalama zokwana mayuro 200 chokha ndi chomwe chimalipira kutayika kwa 100. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna kusunga zomwe tili nazo ndipo timakana kutayika, pokhapokha phindu litakhala lowirikiza. Kuopa kutayika kumeneku kumatipangitsa kukhala m'malo abwino kwambiri ndipo kumatilepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi watsopano.
2. Kuopa kusatsimikizika
Momwe ziliri ndizomwe timadziwa. Kodi ndi choncho malo otonthoza momwe timayenda motonthoza pang'ono kapena tikudziwa bwino zowona. Tili ndi ulamuliro pazomwe zikuchitika chifukwa titha kuyerekezera zomwe zidzachitike. Izi zimatipatsa chisungiko china chomwe sitimafuna kutaya mosavuta.
Komabe, kusintha momwe zinthu ziliri nthawi zambiri kumatanthauza kukumbatira kusatsimikizika. Tikayesetsa kusiya odziwika, sitikudziwa motsimikiza zomwe zikutidikira kapena zomwe zichitike, ndipo izi zimabweretsa nkhawa komanso mantha. Ndicho chifukwa chake timakonda kukhala m'dera lodziwika bwino, ngakhale tikudziwa kuti titha kuchita bwino kapena kukonza zinthu. Kuopa kusatsimikizika ndikokulirapo ndipo kumatopetsa.
3. Kukaniza kusintha
Kuwonera chabe zochitika kumatipangitsa kuzizolowera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake m'malingaliro mwathu, mayiko omwe alipo kale amakhala abwinoko kuposa atsopano. Tapeza zomwe takumana nazo ndipo tikudziwa momwe tingachitire, chifukwa chake tiyenera kungoyambitsa ma tempuleti omwe adakonzedweratu omwe agwirapo kale ntchito.
Kusintha kumatanthauza kusintha kwa dongosololi ndipo kumatanthauza kufunafuna mayankho ena omwe sitinatsimikizire kuti ndiwothandiza. Izi zimafuna khama. Ndicho chifukwa chake timakana. Zowonjezera pa izi ndikuti timakonda kuzindikira zochitika zomwe zilipo kuti ndizowona komanso zowona, kuti tizitha kuzilimbitsa kuposa zomwe tangomva.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pazomwe zilipo ndikusintha kosapeweka
Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi akatswiri azamaubongo a University College a London adasanthula njira za neural zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kukondera kwa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ndikupeza kuti zikakhala zovuta kusankha zomwe timakumana nazo, ndizotheka kuti tisachitepo kanthu ndikulola ena kapena zochitika kutichitira.
Mwachizolowezi, timadwala kusanthula ziwalo. Chiyembekezo chokha choganizira zosankha zambiri ndi maubwino ndi zovuta zake chimatilepheretsa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tasankha njira yosavuta kwambiri: kukhalabe momwe ziliri, kumamatira kuzodziwika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi zonse kugula mtundu womwewo, kuvotera chipani chomwecho, kutsatira chipembedzo chomwecho, kukhala mgulu la abwenzi nthawi zonse, mumzinda womwewo moyo wanu wonse, kuchita ntchito yomweyo ...
Pomaliza, asayansi ya ubongo nawonso adapeza kuti kukondera sikungakhale yankho labwino chifukwa kumabweretsa zolakwika zambiri pakupanga chisankho. Mwanjira ina, kuganiza kuti zomwe timadziwa nthawi zonse ndibwino ndi kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Kukhala m'malire a zodziwika kumatha kukhala kosavuta nthawi zina, koma kumamatira kumabweretsa kukana chowonadi chokha chopezeka m'moyo: kusintha. Ngati zosowa zathu, zokhumba zathu, ziyembekezo zathu ndi njira zowonera moyo zikusintha pakapita nthawi, sizomveka kuti tingokhalira kutsatira zomwe zili pano.
Tikakana kusintha ndikukhalabe ozikika pa zomwe timazidziwa, timakhala pachiwopsezo chotsatira njira zomwe zitha kukhala zopanda tanthauzo komanso zoyipa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timafunikira kuwunikanso mosamala zisankho ndi zikhulupiriro zathu, ndikudzifunsa ngati zikugwirabe ntchito pano. Tiyenera kupeza malire pakati pa chitetezo cha momwe zinthu ziliri ndi mwayi wosintha. Tiyenera kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zakale ngati mwala wopondera osati ngati sofa, monga Harold MacMillan ananenera.
Malire:
Eidelman, S. & Crandall, CS (2012) Kukondera Posankha Zomwe Zikupezeka. Kampani ya Psychology ndi Umunthu; 6 (3): 270-281.
Fleming, SM et. Al. (2010) Kuthetsa kukondera komwe kulipo muubongo wamunthu. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 107 (13): 6005-6009.
Kahneman, D. et. A. Journal ya Zachuma; 5 (1): 193-206.
Hershey, J. et. Al. (1990) Kodi Kuyenera Kumanga Mlandu Ndi Chiyani? Sukulu ya Wharton, Universidad de Pennsylvania.
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1984) Zosankha, malingaliro, ndi mafelemu. Katswiri Wazamisala waku America; 39 (4): 341-350.
Pakhomo Tsankho chifukwa chazomwe zilipo, pomwe simukufuna kusintha idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
