Kusarura kwevanhu kwakabatana nekukanganisika kwepfungwa uye matambudziko epfungwa ndezvenguva refu. Muchokwadi, iro iro izwi rekuti "kunyadziswa" rine zvirevo zvisina kunaka uye rinobva kuGreece yekare, uko chiseko chaive chiratidzo icho varanda kana matsotsi vaipihwa.
Kwemazana emakore, nzanga haina kubata vanhu vane depression, autism, schizophrenia, kana zvimwe zvirwere zvepfungwa zviri nani. MuMiddle Ages, chirwere chepfungwa chairangarirwa sechirango choumwari. Vairwara vaifungidzirwa kuva vakagarwa nadhiabhorosi, uye vazhinji vaipisirwa padanda kana kuti kukandwa munzvimbo dzokutanga dzokupotera, umo vaisungirirwa kumadziro kana kuti mibhedha yavo.
Mukati meKuvhenekerwa vanorwara mundangariro pakupedzisira vakasunungurwa mungetani dzavo uye masangano akasikwa kuti avabetsere, kunyange zvazvo rusaruro norusarura zvakasvika pakakwirira nenzira inosuruvarisa mukati menhambo yeNazi muGermany, apo mazana ezviuru evanorwara mundangariro akaurawa kana kuti kuvharwa. .
Nhasi hatisati tazvisunungura zvachose kubva mukusemwa kunoperekedzwa nechirwere chepfungwa. Vanhu vakawanda vanoramba vachiona zvinetso zvepfungwa sechiratidzo chokusava nesimba uye chikonzero chokunyara. Muchokwadi, chiseko ichi hachingobata vanhu vane chirwere ichi chete asi chinosvikawo kunhengo dzemhuri, shamwari dzepedyo, uye kunyange vashandi vanovabatsira.
Kunyadziswa kweruremekedzo, kurambwa kwakapararira munharaunda
Kunyange mhuri, shamwari uye vanhu vepedyo vanogona kutambura izvo zvinonzi "kunyadziswa kweruremekedzo". Zviri pamusoro pekurambwa uye kusazvidzwa kwevanhu kwakabatana nevanhu vari muukama neavo "vakaiswa chiratidzo". Mukuita, kushorwa kwemunhu abatwa nechirwere chepfungwa kunotakura kune avo vane hukama hwemhuri kana hwehunyanzvi navo.
Chiseko chemumhuri ndicho chakanyanya uye chinowanzobata vabereki, vanin'ina, varoora, vana, nedzimwe hama dzemunhu ari kurwara nechirwere ichi. Asi haisiriyo yoga. Ongororo yakaitwa paYunivhesiti yeVictoria yakaratidza kuti kushorwa kwekushamwaridzana kunowedzerawo kune avo vanoshanda nemapoka akashongedzwa uye asina kubatanidzwa. Kuitwa chiseko cheruremekedzo kune simba guru pavanhu ava zvakare. Vanoziva kuti shamwari dzavo nemhuri havatsigire kana kunzwisisa basa ravo rekugarisana nevamwe uye kuti nyanzvi dzemamwe masangano uye vanhuwo zvavo vanovabata zvakaipa. Hongu, izvi zvinopedzisira zvakanganisa hutano hwavo uye ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvinoita kuti vasiye mabasa avo.
Nganonyorwa dzemhosva, kunyadziswa nekusvibiswa ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinopa kunyadziswa kweruremekedzo. Rondedzero dzemhosva dzinoratidza kuti avo vanobatanidzwa neimwe nzira kune vanhu vanoshorwa vane mhosva kana kuti vane mhosva yezvakashata zvinokonzeresa magariro echiseko. Pane kudaro, rondedzero dzetsvina dzinoratidza kuti vanhu ivavo vanogona kunge vaine hunhu hwakafanana, hunhu, kana maitiro. Zviripachena aya ndiwo asina hwaro stereotypes akaparadzirwa nekufamba kwenguva uye kuti hatina kukwanisa kubvisa zvachose kubva munharaunda yedu.
Mumvuri wakareba wekusemwa kweshamwari uye kukuvadzwa kwazvinokonzeresa
Nhengo dzemhuri dziri pasi pekunyadziswa kweruremekedzo dzinonzwa kunyara uye mhosva. Kazhinji kazhinji, kutaura idi, vanozvipa mhaka vamene nemhaka yokuti vanofunga kuti vakabetsera munzira yakati kuchirwere chomutezo wemhuri. Vanosanganawo nekushungurudzika kwakanyanya mupfungwa, kuwedzera kwekushushikana, kuora mwoyo, uye kuparadzaniswa nevamwe.
Zvechokwadi, kurema kwekunyadziswa kweruremekedzo kunonzwa. Vatsvakurudzi kubva ku Columbia University ivo vakabvunzurudza vabereki 156 navasonganiri vevarwere vendangariro avo vakapinzwa kwenguva yokutanga ndokuwana kuti hafu yakanga yaedza kuvanza chinetso chacho kuvamwe. Chikonzero chacho? Vakazvionera pachavo kusanzwisisa uye kurambwa munzanga.
Ongororo inokatyamadza yakaitwa paLund University umo 162 nhengo dzemhuri dzevarwere vakagamuchirwa kumawadhi evarwere vepfungwa vakabvunzurudzwa mushure mezviitiko zvinorwadza zvakaratidza kuti vazhinji vainzwa kureba kwematende ekunyadziswa kweruremekedzo. Uyezve, 18 muzana yehama dzokunyama dzakabvuma kuti pane dzimwe nguva vaifunga kuti murwere aizova nani kana afa, kuti zvaizova nani kudai asina kumboberekwa kana kuti asina kumbosangana naye. 10% yehama idzodzo vaivewo nepfungwa dzekuda kuzviuraya.
Hunhu hwehukama nemunhu akakanganisika anotamburawo nekushorwa uku kwakawedzerwa. Ongororo dzakatevedzana dzakaitwa paYunivhesiti yeSouth Florida dzakaratidza kuti ruremekedzo ruvengo runokanganisa vabereki vevana vakaremara kuburikidza nekudzivisa kushamwaridzana kwevanhu uye kuvapa aura yakaipa. Vabereki ava vanoona kutonga uye mhosva yevamwe maererano nehurema hwemwana wavo, maitiro kana kutarisira. Uye maonero eSocial anopedzisira ave kumanikidza hukama pakati pevanhu vanoshorwa nemhuri dzavo. Zvakaguma nei? Rutsigiro rwekugarisana rwunogamuchirwa nevanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa rwakaderedzwa.
Nzira yekudzivirira sei rusarura rwakabatana nekukanganiswa kwepfungwa?
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Erwin Goffman, akavaka hwaro hwenzvero yokushorwa, akanyora izvozvo "Hapana nyika, nzanga kana tsika umo vanhu vane zvirwere zvepfungwa vane hutano hwakafanana hwevanhu vasina zvirwere zvepfungwa". Yakanga iri gore ra1963. Nhasi tiri muna 2021 uye zvishoma zvachinja mukufungidzira kwakakurumbira.
Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti nzira yakanakisa yekubvisa stereotypes, izvo zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya, haisi yekutanga mishandirapamwe isina chinhu inongoshanda kukora homwe dzemasangano ekushambadzira uye hana dzakachena, asi kuti pane kushoma kunoshamisa uye nezvimwe zvakawanda. nzira inoshanda.kuderedza kushorwa kweruremekedzo: kusangana nevanobatwa.
Inongova nyaya yokuwedzera kutarira. Kana tikafunga kuti vangangosvika makumi mashanu muzana vevanhu vachasangana nechiitiko chine chekuita nekukanganisika kwepfungwa mukati mehupenyu hwavo - kungave kushushikana kana kuora mwoyo - zvinokwanisika kuti tinoziva mumwe munhu anotambura kana akatambura nedambudziko repfungwa. Kana tichiziva kuvapo kwevanhu ava muhupenyu hwedu uye matambudziko avanopinda nawo, tichava nemufananidzo chaiwo wekuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa unotibatsira kufunga patsva maitiro edu kuti tive nemafungiro akajeka, anoshivirira uye anonzwisisa.
Zvinyorwa:
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Phillips, R. & Benoit, C. (2013) Kuongorora Kusarudzika Nesangano pakati peVanochengeta Vemberi Vanoshandira Vepabonde. Health Policy; 9 (SP): 139–151.
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Green, SE (2004) Mhedzisiro yekuitwa chiseko pamaitiro aamai pamusoro pekuiswa kwevana vakaremara munzvimbo dzinochengetwa dzinogara. Soc Sci Med; 59 (4): 799-812.
Green, SE (2003) "Unorevei kuti 'chii chakashata naye?'": Kusekwa uye hupenyu hwemhuri dzevana vakaremara. Soc Sci Med; (57): 8-1361.
Ostman, M. & Kjellin, L. (2002) Kusarura nekushamwaridzana: zvikonzero zvepfungwa muhama dzevanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa. Br J Psychiatry; 181:494-498.
Phelan, JC et. Al. (1998) Chirwere chepfungwa uye chiseko chemhuri. Schizophr Bull; 24 (1): 115-126.
Kupinda Kuitwa chiseko cheruremekedzo, apo kurambwa munharaunda kunopfuurira kumhuri yevanhu vane kuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa yakatanga kubudiswa muna Kona yePsychology.
