Zikhalidwe zongotengera munthu payekha zimafunikira kukhala apadera komanso kudziwonetsera. Amalimbikitsa anthu kukhala apadera ndikudzisiyanitsa, kapena ndiye uthengawo. Koma… kodi iwo alidi?
Timakonda kuganiza kuti iwo omwe amakhala mu zikhalidwe zamagulu - omwe amatsindika kufunikira kwa gulu pa munthu payekha ndikuyamikira kudalirana - amatha kusintha makhalidwe ovomerezeka a chikhalidwe kusiyana ndi anthu omwe amakhala m'mayiko ambiri, monga United States. Mayiko.
Zowonadi, nthawi zambiri timaganiza kuti kutsatira zikhalidwe ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo m'maiko ogwirizana, monga China. Komabe, pali kusiyana kochititsa chidwi ndi lamuloli: anthu omwe amakhala m'magulu okonda anthu payekha amatsatira kwambiri maganizo a chikhalidwe chawo.
The maganizo homogeneity wa individualistic zikhalidwe
Timakhala pakati pa anthu, kotero kuti malamulo omveka bwino ndi omveka nthawi zonse amakhala ndi chikoka pa ife, ngakhale titakhala okayikira kuvomereza. Monga momwe katswiri wa zamaganizo Serge Moscivici akunenera: "Anthu amapeputsa chikoka chomwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chingakhale nacho pamalingaliro ndi machitidwe awo, kotero kuti chikokachi chikhoza kuperekedwa momveka bwino komanso mosadziwa".
M’kuyesa kwachikale kochitidwa ndi Solomon Asch, kunawonedwa kuti anthu ambiri ali okonzeka kuvomereza yankho losayenerera bwino lomwe kuti asakwiyitse gululo. Chikoka cha anthu nthawi zambiri chimapeza njira yolowera ndikupindika chifuniro ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale chifukwa chamunthu payekha.
Kafukufuku wopangidwa kuIsrael Institute of Technology amavumbula kuti, mosiyana ndi zimene timaganiza, zikhalidwe za munthu payekha zimaika chitsenderezo chokulirapo pa mamembala awo kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yamalingaliro; ndiko kuti, amakhazikitsa ndendende mitundu ya malingaliro omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ovomerezeka komanso ofunikira m'gulu la anthu.
Ofufuzawa adachita zoyeserera zinayi kuti afufuze kuchuluka kwa anthu payekha komanso kutsatira zikhalidwe zamaganizidwe m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Iwo adavotera malingaliro osiyanasiyana 60 ndipo adagwira ntchito ndi anthu pafupifupi 100.000 ochokera m'maiko 48, kuphatikiza ana.
Ngakhale panali zotsutsana zina muzotsatira, ofufuzawo adapeza njira zina zofananira. Kupeza kwakukulu kwakhala kuti pali "kufanana kwamalingaliro" m'zikhalidwe zamunthu payekha kuposa zomwe zimaphatikizana, mwa akulu ndi ana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m’mayiko okonda munthu aliyense maganizo ake anali ofanana kwambiri ndi a nzika zake. M'mawu ena, panali zochepa kukhazikika kwamalingaliro ndi kutsata kwambiri maganizo.
N’chifukwa chiyani anthu a m’mayiko okondana paokha amasonyeza kuti ali ndi maganizo ofanana kwambiri?
Kugwirizana m'malingaliro ndi momwe munthu angasinthire momwe akumvera komanso momwe akumvera kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe munthu wina kapena gulu linalake. Mwachiwonekere ambiri mwa malamulowa amachita mosabisa, kuwongolera maiko athu okhudzidwa popanda ife kuzindikira.
Ngakhale kuti kutengeka mtima kumaonedwa kuti ndi mawu a munthu weniweni m’zikhalidwe zonse, amene amadziona ngati munthu payekha amagogomezera kwambiri kudalirika kwa mtundu umenewo. Mosiyana, "Kulemera kwambiri kumayikidwa pazochitika zamaganizo za munthu payekha, m'pamenenso amakakamizika kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe anthu amasangalala nazo," ofufuzawo amaona.
Mwachitsanzo, dziko lokonda munthu payekha monga United States, limayang'ana kwambiri zochitika zapayekha ndikuyika "chimwemwe" chofunika kwambiri, zomwe zingayambitse kukakamizidwa kuti mukhale osangalala kusiyana ndi chikhalidwe chamagulu. Ndipo ife tikudziwa kale zimenezo chitsenderezo chakukhala wosangalala nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana: kusakhutira kwakukulu ndi kukhumudwa.
Kuonjezera apo, anthu a zikhalidwe zokomera anthu amatha kufotokoza zakukhosi kwawo pazochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zingapangitse kukakamizidwa kuti agwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha momwe ayenera kumverera.
M'malo mwake, anthu omwe amakulira m'zikhalidwe zotengera munthu payekha amafunikira kwambiri kudziona kuti ali ndi chiyembekezo, monga momwe kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku yunivesite ya University of British Columbia, amene anapeza kuti "Kufunika kodzidalira, monga momwe akuganizira panopa, sikuli kwapadziko lonse, koma kumachokera kuzinthu zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha North America."
Njira imodzi yodziwonera nokha mu kuwala kokongola kwambiri ndiyo kukhala ndi maubwenzi abwino, zomwe zimapangitsa anthu omwe amakhala m'zikhalidwe zaumwini kuti azitha kutengeka ndi mtundu wotero wa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kwenikweni, ngati akufuna kuchita bwino, kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu komanso kutsimikiziridwa, akuyenera kugwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe anthu apanga.
Kumbali inayi, chilichonse chikuwoneka kuti chikuwonetsa kuti zikhalidwe zophatikizira zimasiya mamembala awo kukhala ndi ufulu wokumana ndi zomwe akumva chifukwa samaika chikakamizo pazomwe akuyenera kumverera, ndikusankha kuyang'ana kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti tsikuli likubwera. - tsiku logwira ntchito la anthu.
Vuto lalikulu ndi kugwirizana kwamalingaliro komwe kumalimbikitsidwa m'zikhalidwe zaumwini ndikuti n'zosavuta kuti tisagwirizane ndi dziko lathu lamkati, chifukwa timakakamizika kubisa malingaliro omwe sali ovomerezeka ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake timakhala tikuwonetsa kumwetulira kokakamiza, timapanga chigoba chomwe chimangowonetsa zomwe zili zovomerezeka ndi anthu, pomwe timasiya kuyang'ana malingaliro omwe amakanidwa.
Koma malingaliro omwe sanafotokozedwe amatha kukhazikika, kuwononga kwambiri malingaliro athu ndi thanzi lathu. Monga Sigmund Freud analemba: "Makhalidwe oponderezedwa samafa, amaikidwa m'manda amoyo ndipo adzatuluka moyipa kwambiri".
Mwachidule, pankhani ya makhalidwe, kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti anthu a chikhalidwe chaumwini ndi apadera kwambiri ndipo sangagwirizane ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, koma pankhani ya maganizo, nkhaniyo ndi yosiyana kwambiri.
Malire:
Vishkin, A. et. Al (2022) Kutsatira zikhalidwe zakukhudzidwa kumakhala kwakukulu m'zikhalidwe zamunthu payekha kuposa zikhalidwe zophatikizika. Journal of Personal and Psychology; 10.1037.
Heine, SJ et. Al. (1999) Kodi pali kufunika kodzilemekeza kwabwino padziko lonse? Kusanthula Maganizo; 106 (4), 766–794.
Pakhomo Kugwirizana kwamalingaliro, momwe magulu amunthu payekha amawonongera dziko lathu lokhudzidwa idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
