I ka makahiki 1975, he 2 pakeneka wale no o na mea paani ma ka Sears catalog no na keikikane a mau kaikamahine. Akā i kēia mau lā, ke hele nei mākou i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā makana pēpē, ʻaneʻane nā kala kala: ʻulaʻula nā aliʻi wahine a ʻulaʻula nā mea pāʻani no nā keikikāne. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka hāʻawi ʻana o hoʻokahi o ʻekolu mau mākua i nā mea pāʻani e pili ana i nā stereotypes kāne.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kamāliʻiwahine Barbie-style, aia i kēia manawa ma ka ʻāpana o nā mea pāʻani no nā kaikamahine a ʻo ia hoʻi, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻoulu i ka ʻoluʻolu i waena o nā mākua ma muli o ko lākou helehelena a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea pāʻani mua e hoʻokō i kahi mākeke hoʻolālā e pili ana. ʻO ka hoʻolaha kīwī, he kakaikahi loa ma mua o nā makahiki 70.
ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea pāʻani i kēia lā ma mua o ka hapalua haneli i hala aku nei, i ka wā maʻamau ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka wahine a me ka sexism i ke kaiāulu, e like me ka sociologist Elizabeth Sweet. ʻIke, pololei?
No ke aha mākou e mālama ai inā kūʻai ʻia nā mea pāʻani e like me ke kāne?
Manaʻo ka poʻe he nui inā he ʻano mau ia, inā he ʻōmaʻomaʻo no nā kaikamahine a ʻo ka uliuli no nā keikikāne, no ke aha mākou e hoʻololi ai?
ʻAʻole naʻe pēlā ka hihia. A i ka manaʻo ʻana ua mau kēia mau ʻokoʻa kāne i hōʻailona ʻia, ʻaʻole ia he kumu koʻikoʻi e mālama ai iā lākou. Hōʻike nā haʻawina iā mākou ke hāʻawi mākou i kā mākou mau keiki i nā mea pāʻani e like me nā stereotypes kāne, ke kaupalena nei mākou i nā mākau hiki iā lākou ke aʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana, a ʻo ka mea nui, ko lākou makemake.
He noiʻi i hana ʻia ma ka Ke Kulanuiʻo Rhodes ua hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka pāʻani o nā keikikāne me nā mea pāʻani e hoʻomohala ana i ka naʻauao spatial. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā kaikamahine liʻiliʻi ma nā hoʻāʻo o ka naʻauao spatial. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, kūʻai ʻia nā mea pāʻani i nā kaikamahine, e like me nā mea pāʻani palupalu, nā pēpē a me nā lumi kuke liʻiliʻi, e paipai i ka kamaʻilio a me ke aloha, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke hoʻopau lākou i kēia mau mākau ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā keikikāne.
ʻO kekahi haʻawina i mālama ʻia ma ka Kulanui o 'Olekana Ua ʻike ʻo ia e pili ana nā mea pāʻani e hoʻohālikelike i nā stereotypes kāne i ka ʻike hana o nā keiki 4 a 7 mau makahiki. Ua ʻike kēia mau mea noiʻi ʻo nā kaikamahine i pāʻani me Barbies i hōʻike i nā koho ʻoihana e hiki mai ana no lākou iho ma mua o nā keikikāne a me nā kaikamahine i pāʻani me. Ms. Poʻo ʻuala.
No laila, ʻo nā mea pāʻani e makemake ai nā keiki e pāʻani me ka mea nui no ko lākou ulu ʻana. ʻAʻole wale lākou e hoʻolālā i ko lākou manaʻo o ke kaiāulu, akā hiki iā lākou ke kaupalena i kona hiki a i ʻole, hoʻonui. ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i nā keiki e koho i nā mea pāʻani i makemake nui iā lākou, me ka ʻole o ka kaupalena ʻana i kā lākou koho ma ke kāne, hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi i ke ao holoʻokoʻa a loaʻa iā lākou iho, ma waho o nā kuleana koʻikoʻi a ke ao makua e hoʻāʻo ai e kau iā lākou.
ʻAʻole i mau nā pēpē no nā kaikamahine a me nā kaʻa no nā keikikāne
ʻO nā mea pāʻani no nā kaikamāhine mai ka makahiki 20 a hiki i ka makahiki 60, ua hoʻokumu nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana home a me ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau mea pāʻani no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kaikamahine no ke ola ʻana ma ke ʻano he wahine hale a no ka mālama ʻana i nā hana o ka hale. Akā, ʻo nā mea pāʻani a nā keiki o ia manawa e hoʻomākaukau iā lākou no ke komo ʻana i ke ao hana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka ʻoihana ʻoihana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke poina ʻo nā pāʻani a me nā mea pāʻani he kaʻa no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā keiki no ke ola makua, i hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa mālie nā mākau e hiki ai iā lākou ke pane aku i nā pono kikoʻī o ke kaiāulu.
Eia nō naʻe, ua emi nui nā hoʻolaha pāʻani e ke kāne i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 70 i ka nui o nā wahine i komo i ka ʻoihana, e hui pū ana me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka neʻe wahine. ʻO ka hopena, ma nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha puke a Sears i ka makahiki 1975, ua kūʻai maopopo ʻia ma lalo o 2 pakeneka o nā mea pāʻani i nā keikikāne a i ʻole nā kaikamahine. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i nā stereotypes kāne i ka hoʻolaha pāʻani.
A laila ua hana ʻia kahi ʻano kūʻē: ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei ka emi ʻana o ka like ʻole o ke kāne ma ke ao kanaka makua, ʻo ka deregulation o nā polokalamu kīwī a nā keiki ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1984 ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hana pāʻani ma waena o kā lākou hoʻolaha a me nā mea pāʻani a lākou i hoʻolaha ai. I ka makahiki 80, ua hōʻole ka hoʻolaha pāʻani kūʻokoʻa no ke kaulike kāne kāne, a i ka makahiki 1995, ʻo nā mea pāʻani i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kāne ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā makana a Sears.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi sociological i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka makahiki 2012, ʻo nā mea pāʻani āpau i kūʻai ʻia ma ka punaewele Disney Store ua kākau ʻia ma ke ʻano he "no nā keikikāne" a i ʻole "no nā kaikamahine." ʻAʻohe ala e pakele ai i kēia ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ua maopopo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea pāʻani kūʻokoʻa ma nā papa inoa ʻelua. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Disney i kāna papa inoa a ʻaʻole hoʻokaʻawale hou i kāna mau mea pāʻani ma ke ʻano.
I kēia pule, ka hou hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono code no ka hoʻolaha pāʻani ma Sepania ua hoʻoholo e hoʻopau i ka manaʻo he kāne kāne nā mea pāʻani. Ke hāpai nei kekahi ʻāpana o ke kaiāulu i ka lewa i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai e hoʻololi i ke kūlana quo i nā mea pāʻani ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻohuli ʻia ka neutrality kāne i nā keiki i loko o nā automatons androgynous hiki ke pāʻani wale me nā mea ʻoluʻolu o nā kala huna.
Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e ka palette kala ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea pāʻani i loaʻa i ka makahiki 70, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou e ke kāne e hoʻonui maoli i nā koho i loaʻa i nā keiki. Wehe ia i ka hiki iā lākou ke ʻimi a hoʻomohala i kā lākou mau makemake a me nā mākau, me ka ʻole o nā kaohi paʻa i kau ʻia e nā stereotypes kāne. A i ka hopena, ʻaʻole anei ʻo ia kā mākou makemake no kā mākou mau keiki? Hiki iā lākou ke koho i ko lākou ala ponoʻī.
Kumuwaiwai:
Spinner, L. et. Al. (2018) Pāʻani Peer Toy ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka i ka hiki ʻana o ke kāne kāne o nā keiki: Ka hopena o (Counter) Nā Kiʻi Stereotypic o nā hoa i loko o nā puke puke a nā keiki. ʻO Maleko; 79 (5): 314-328.
Jirout, JJ & Newcombe: NS (2015) Nā poloka kūkulu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mākau spatial: nā hōʻike mai kahi hōʻailona nui o US. ʻO Psychol Sci; 26 (3): 302-310.
Sherman, AM & Zubriggen, EL (2014) "Hiki i nā keikikāne ke lilo i kekahi mea": Ka hopena o ka pāʻani Barbie ma luna o nā ʻike ʻoihana a nā kaikamahine. ʻO Maleko; 70: 195–208.
Sweet, E. (2014) Ua mahele ʻia nā mea pāʻani e ke kāne i kēia manawa ma mua o 50 mau makahiki i hala. En: Ka ʻAkelanika.
Auster, CJ & Mansbach, CS (2012) ʻO ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ke kāne o nā mea pāʻani: He ʻike no ke kala a me ke ʻano o nā mea pāʻani ma ka Pūnaewele ʻo Disney Store. ʻO Maleko; 67:375–388.
Wagner, A. (2002) Ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻike kāne kāne ma o ka Doll and Action Figure Politics in Art Education. Haʻawina ma ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻi; 43 (3): 246-263.
ʻO ka puka komo ʻOi aku ka male kāne o nā mea pāʻani ma mua o 50 mau makahiki i hala hoopuka mua ia Kihi o ka Psychology.
