I-post-truth yeyokuthambeka komtyibilizi apho iinyani ezichanekileyo zichaphazela uluvo loluntu ngaphantsi kweemvakalelo kunye neenkolelo zomntu. Ummandla apho inyani inika indlela kwiimvakalelo, intuitions, iimvakalelo kunye, ngokuqinisekileyo, kumajelo eendaba, ezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle. IRelativism iyoyisa kulo mmandla ngelixa imida phakathi kwenyaniso nobuxoki imfiliba ngokuyingozi.
Le asiyonto intsha. Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekho intetho emva kwenyaniso okanye ingcamango yakhulelwa, uHannah Arendt wayesele ebhekiselele kwi-defactualization, eya kuba yinto yokungakwazi ukwahlula inyaniso kwi-fiction. Ngowe-1971 wapapasha isincoko esinomxholo othi "Ubuxoki kwezopolitiko" (ubuxoki kwezopolitiko), awabhalayo - phakathi kokucaphuka kunye nokuphoxeka - ngoko nangoko emva kokuba Pentagon Papers kulawulo lweNixon kunye nokuphatha kwayo iMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Emva koko wathi: Ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla buhlala busemngciphekweni wokuhlatywa bubuxoki bomntu okanye ukwahlukana bubuxoki obulungelelanisiweyo bamaqela, izizwe okanye iindidi, kunye nokukhanyela okanye ukugqwethwa, okuhlala kugutyungelwe ngononophelo ziimfumba zobuxoki okanye ukushiyeka ukuba ulibale. " .
I-De-factualization, umngcipheko wokuguqula iinyani zibe zizimvo
"Isihloko esifanelekileyo sorhulumente wobuzwilakhe asingoNazi oqinisekileyo okanye umKomanisi ozinikeleyo, kodwa ngabantu abathi umahluko phakathi kokwenyani kunye nentsomi kunye nomahluko phakathi kobunyani nobuxoki awusekho". U-Arendt uyacacisa.
Ngokwendalo, Lo mahluko awukhukuli nje ngobusuku obunye, kodwa uvela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngobuxoki obuhlala busithi: ‘Isiphumo sokutshintshwa rhoqo nangokupheleleyo endaweni yobuxoki ngenyaniso eyinyani akuthethi ukuba ubuxoki ngoku bamkelwe njengenyaniso yaye inyaniso iyanyeliswa. njengobuxoki, kodwa oko kuyonakalisa indlela esiziqhelanisa ngayo kwihlabathi lokwenyani kunye nodidi lwenyaniso malunga nobuxoki ”.
U-Arendt uthi i-defactualization iyenzeka xa silahlekelwa ukukwazi ukwahlula inyaniso kulwakhiwo, yinyani kubuxoki. Enyanisweni, ifilosofi iseka ulwahlulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kwenyaniso, ehambelanayo kwaye ibonakalisa ubunyani, kunye nentsingiselo, ehambelanayo kwaye ibunjwe ngokutolika kwethu okuzimeleyo, okuxhomekeke kwiinkolelo, ezinokuthi zenziwe.
Cacisa oko “Imfuneko yengqiqo ayiphenjelelwa kukufuna inyaniso kodwa kukufuna intsingiselo. Inyaniso nentsingiselo azifani. Yimpazamo esisiseko ukutolika intsingiselo kumxholo wenyaniso ”.
Izinto ezithile ziphila kummandla wentsingiselo, kungekhona wenyaniso. Ingcinga kanye "yenye inyani" ngumbono ovelisa ukuqiniseka ngeendleko zenyaniso. Ubuxoki bezopolitiko kunye nokukhohlisa kwezentlalo ngokufuthi kusekelwe kolu kuguqulwa kwezinto eziqinisekileyo.
U-Arendt wayekholelwa ukuba kungenxa yoko le nto kulula kangaka ukuqhatha inyambalala yabantu. Ngokwenene, “Ubuxoki soze bungqubane nengqiqo, kuba izinto bezinokuba njengoko lisitsho ixoki. Ubuxoki budla ngokuvakala ngakumbi, bunomtsalane ngakumbi ngesizathu, kunokwenyani, njengoko ixoki linenzuzo enkulu yokwazi kwangaphambili oko uluntu lukufunayo okanye olulindele ukukuva. Ulilungiselele ibali lakhe ukuba lisetyenziswe eluntwini ngenjongo yokulenza lithembeke, ngelixa inyani inomkhwa ophazamisayo wokujongana nathi ngokungalindelekanga, ebesingayilungiselelanga ”.
Ngamanye amazwi, amaxesha amaninzi umnqweno wokuba neziqinisekiso kunye nokuphatha ukubambelela kwiimeko zokungaqiniseki uba yindawo efanelekileyo yokukhula "kwezinye iinyani" ezinikezela ubuxoki. Obu buxoki bunomsebenzi: busenza sizive sikhululekile. Basinika ukhuseleko. Basusa i-dissonance kwaye basivumele ukuba siqhubeke nobomi bethu ngaphandle kokucinga kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokubuza izinto. Ngaphandle kokuziva kakubi.
“Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ixoki longanyelwa yinyani, ekungekho nto inokuyithatha indawo yayo; Nokuba likhulu kangakanani na ilaphu lobuxoki elakhayo ixoki elinamava, alisayi kuba likhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugubungela ubukhulu benyani ", U-Arendt uyalatha.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kuqhambuka imfazwe, siba nobhubhani okanye sityhubele ingxaki yezoqoqosho, "iimeko eziqhelekileyo" u-Arendt ekubhekiswa kuye ukuba anyamalale ukuze enze indawo yenqanaba eliphezulu lokungaqiniseki. Kule meko sisemngciphekweni wokuqhathwa kuba sithanda ukuthanda ukukhangela isiqinisekiso kunenyaniso.
Kunokwenzeka ukuba sikholelwe "iinyani ezizezinye" umntu asixelela zona kuba ekuphepha umsebenzi onzima wokufuna inyaniso, ukuthatha uxanduva kunye nokujongana neziphumo. Ke ngoko, ku-Arendt, ukonakala akwenzeki kwicala elinye, abubo ubuxoki obubekwe ngamandla kodwa bubuxoki obuvunyiweyo phakathi kwabo bangazimiselanga ukuphuhlisa ukucinga okubalulekileyo okuyimfuneko ukuze bafike enyanisweni, abangazimiselanga ukutshintsha iinyani zabo. iinkqubo zakho zobuqu, phuma eyakho indawo yokuthuthuzela okanye ulahle iinkolelo ebezikho ngaphambili.
"Ezinye iinyani azikho nje ubuxoki okanye ubuxoki, kodwa zithetha ngotshintsho olubalulekileyo kwinyani ekwabelwana ngayo esiyithatha kancinci [...] ingqiqo ecacileyo : 'ibonakala kum' ehlala ingenamdla kwinto ebonakala kwabanye ". Inyani iyahluthwa iinyani ukuze ingene kwinkalo yezinto ezithandabuzekayo nezisebenzisekayo.
Njengenqaku lokugqibela, u-Arendt uyasilumkisa ukuba kukho indawo apho ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kusijikela: “Kusoloko kufika ingongoma yokuba ukuxoka kungabi namveliso. Eli nqaku lifikelelwa xa abaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo ubuxoki kunyanzeliswa ukuba ngoyaba ngokupheleleyo umgca phakathi inyaniso nobuxoki ukuze basinde.
“Inyaniso okanye ubuxoki abunamsebenzi ukuba ubomi bakho buxhomekeke ekwenzeni kwakho ngokungathi kuyinyani. Ke inyani enokuthenjwa iyanyamalala ngokupheleleyo kubomi boluntu, kunye nayo eyona nto iphambili yokuzinzisa kutshintsho lweziganeko zamadoda ”.
Umthombo:
Arendt, H. (1971) Ukuxoka kwezoPolitiko: Ukucamngca kwiiPhepha zePentagon. Ku: Uphononongo lwaseNew York.
Umnyango Asisafuni inyaniso, sifuna nje izinto eziqinisekileyo, ngokukaHannah Arendt yaqala ukupapashwa ngo Ikhonkco lePsychology.
