Propaganda. Rinonzwika seshoko rechinyakare. Muenzaniso wedzimwe nguva. Kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko anoparadzirwa haana kumbopera. Kutaura idi, nhasi rinoshanda zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Chinhu chayo chakasimba ndechekuti hapana anozviona, saka inogona kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayakagadzirirwa. Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yepfungwa Noam Shpancer, "Kana iwe usinganzwe propaganda yakawanda, izvi ndizvo zvauri kunzwa."
Mavambo ari kure epropaganda
Propaganda yagara iripo, kubvira kuGirisi yekare. Zvisinei, shoko racho pacharo rakatangira muzana remakore rechi17, apo Chechi yeKaturike yakaedza kuparadzira maonero ayo nemaonero enyika kuitira kuti imise kumuka kwechiPurotesitendi.
Kutaura zvazviri, gwaro rekutanga renhoroondo umo shoko rokuti “propaganda” rinowanika rakatangira muna 1622, apo Pope Gregory XV akatanga chirongwa ichi. Sacra Congregatio yePropaganda Fide o "Ungano tsvene yekuparadzira kutenda kweCatholic neRoman Church". Pakanga pari panguva iyeyo apo hofisi yapapa yokuparadzira mashoko yakatangwa kuti irongedze nhamburiko dzokudzivisa Chinjo mukurwisana nechiLutheran.
Nguva refu yapfuura kubva ipapo. Mushure mekufamba neparaganda yeNazi yaJoseph Goebbels uye propaganda yemativi ese eCold War, pfungwa iyi yatora zvishoma nezvishoma aura yakaipa iyo inoreva nhema dzekuzvida, dzinowanzo kusimudzirwa nemamwe masisitimu ekutonga kwevanhu kuyedza kushandisa. maonero evanhu.
Propaganda chii chaizvo?
Il Propaganda Analysis Institute yeUnited States yakaitsanangura "Kutaura kwemafungiro kana chiito chevanhu kana mapoka akagadzirirwa nemaune kukanganisa maonero kana zviito zvevamwe vanhu kana mapoka maererano nezvakafanorongwa".
Naizvozvo, propaganda inosanganisira kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina divi kana anotsausa anoshandiswa kusimudzira kana kushambadza chimwe chikonzero kana maonero ezvematongerwo enyika nechinangwa chekupesvedzera mafungiro everuzhinji uye vanhu kunyanya.
Propaganda ine zvinangwa zviviri. Kune rimwe divi, inoedza kuumba pfungwa dzevanhu pane imwe nyaya nekupa dudziro yakarerekera kune rimwe divi, inoedza kusundira vanhu vamwe chete ivavo kuita chiito kuti vashandure nyika yavo uye vatsigire dzimwe pfungwa.
Iwo Machiavellian misimboti yekuparadzira
L 'American Psychological Association zvinoratidza kuti "Propaganda haishandisi zvishoma nzira dzinobatsira vanhu kubata maitiro avo nehungwaru uye vanobheja zvakanyanya pane izvo zvinoita kuti munhu atevere mafungiro avo uye asina musoro."
Nyora misimboti ina yepropaganda inoshandiswa kukanganisa pfungwa dzeveruzhinji:
1. Kukwidza manzwiro, usamboite nharo
2. Tarisa propaganda pamuenzaniso: "isu" maringe ne "muvengi"
3. Svika kune mapoka uye vanhuwo zvavo
4. Viga mashoko anoparadzirwa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira
Muchokwadi, propaganda inonyanya kushanda ndeye yakanangidzirwa kune veruzhinji vasingazive nezve kushandiswa kwerudzi urwu rweruzivo rwunoshandiswa pairi. Naizvozvo, propaganda haisi yemashiripiti anoratidza, asi izere scam. Pfungwa dzisina kudzidziswa kuona nekumisa propaganda ipfungwa isina ruzivo uye inodzorwa zviri nyore.
Mupfungwa iyi, hachisi chakavanzika kuti propaganda yanga iri chishandiso chinoshanda chakashandiswa neGermany neUnited States kufurira mafungiro evagari vemo kuti "vatsanangure" mawonero avanofanira kuona rimwe divi. Kuburikidza nemaposta, mafirimu, redhiyo nezvimwe zvinobudisa nhau, hurumende dzakapesvedzera vanhu kuti vatsigire chinangwa chavo.
Mushure mekuratidzwa kakawanda kune rudzi urwu rwekuparadzira, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "repeat priming", vanhu vakatanga kutenda nekumiririra izvo hurumende yega yega yavakange vaudzwa. Kwavari, mashoko anoparadzirwa azova chokwadi.
Propaganda inodzima sei kugona kwedu kutsoropodza?
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa E. Bruce Goldstein anotenda kuti propaganda inoshanda kuburikidza nekutanga, iyo "Inoitika apo kuratidzwa kwekukurudzira kunoshandura nzira iyo munhu anopindura kune imwe kukurudzira." Kutaura idi, sainzi yakabvumikisa kuti apo tinoratidzirwa kuzvirevo zvatakamborava kana kuti kunzwa, isu tingangoita zvikuru kuzviti ndezvechokwadi. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se "kunyengera kwechokwadi kunokonzerwa nekudzokorora".
Kutaura zvazviri, patinonzwa nyaya kana maonero anoenderana nezvatinotenda, kashoma kuti tisava nechokwadi nazvo. Iko hakuna cognitive dissonance. Tinogonawo kunzwa zvakanaka nokuti tine chokwadi chezvataifunga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, isu hatitarise ruzivo urwu nekuti tinotenda kuti "chakarurama".
Uyu musungo watinowira mauri unoitika nekuda kwemaitiro akaoma muuropi. Uropi hwedu hune "executive control network" iyo inonyanya kukonzera maitiro edu ekutsoropodza uye kufunga. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo yakaitwa pa Harvard Medical School yakaratidza kuti kutya, sekutya vatorwa, vatorwa kana vamwe, kunogona kudzima network iyoyo.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kutya kunoita kuti zviome kuti huropi hwedu hufunge zvine hungwaru uye zvine chinangwa, saka kana manzwiro aya - anofarirwa nepropaganda - akaitwa zvinonyanya kutiomera kuona ruzivo rwenhema uye isu tiri panjodzi yekunyepa uye manipulations.
Propaganda inobatanidzwa muzera resocial network
Kare, propaganda yaidzorwa zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwemagetsi, hwaishandisa censorship panhau senge mapepanhau, redhiyo neterevhizheni. Parizvino, iyo Internet uye masocial network yakachinja iyo simbi kutonga nekuva megaphone kupa pasi kune manzwi anopesana.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, nzira itsva yekunyengedza maonero eruzhinji, propaganda yekutora chikamu kana kuti peer-to-peer propaganda yabuda. Ichadenga umo munhu wega wega anodzokorora meseji yekunyepedzera pamanetiweki avo, achinyanya kubatanidzwa, achinzwa achizivikanwa nepfungwa idzodzo uye, chokwadi, achibatsira kuzvisimbisa sechokwadi, achimanikidza vanhu vanovatevera. pamasocial network.
"Maparadziro ekutora chikamu anotsvaga kupa nzira nyowani yekudzoreredza hutongi hwehurumende pamusoro pevanhu vari munharaunda itsva yeruzivo uye kuvakazve madziro akaputswa nepasi rose horizontal communications network. Chinangwa chayo ndechekudzikamisa kugona kwemanetwork aya kupikisa hutongi hwehurumende. Kana iyo nyika isingakwanise kudzora kuyerera kweruzivo uye kutaurirana, inotarisa pamusoro pekuti ruzivo urwu rwunodudzirwa nekuongororwa sei.
"Maparadziro ekutora chikamu anodzoreredza hutongi hwehurumende kubva mukati. Inotarisira kuvaka madziro munzvimbo dzemukati dzemunhu, kugadzirisa zvikamu zvekuona kwezvakatipoteredza. Chekutanga, inovaka chinhu chekupokana chinogona kupatsanura vanhu, uye yozopa iyo tekinoroji maturusi ekugadzirisa iyo propaganda pfungwa ", anodaro academician uye mutori wenhau Gregory Asmolov we Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Propaganda, kunyanya pasocial network, inova chishandiso chepolarization uye kubviswa. Zvinounza kugarisana kwegakava. Inobvisa avo vanofunga zvakasiyana uye inogadzira mabhubhu anotendera chiratidzo chimwe chete chechokwadi. Somugumisiro, nhaurirano inokanganiswa. Kufunga zvine musoro kunopera. Propaganda inokunda.
Kufunga zvakasununguka pasi pekukombwa kwepropaganda
Propaganda haingonyaradzi kufunga kwedu kwakadzama, asi zvakare inotyora mabhiriji ekunzwisisa kune mumwe nemumwe uye, chakanyanya kuipa, inotitongera kusaziva, kupa chiono chakareruka uye chakareruka chezvinetso zvakaoma uye zvakatemwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, tinova mapawn anonyengedzwa ari nyore anoda kutevedzera dzimwe dzidziso neupofu.
Kuti tidzivise mashoko anoparadzirwa, tinofanira kumutsa kufunga kwedu kwokutsoropodza ndokumisa kutya kwedu. Tichifunga kuti chero svikiro rinogona kuparadzira propaganda. Pose apo mumwe munhu anotiudza zvokufunga uye rutivi rwupi rwokumira, bhero realaramu rinofanira kurira. Pese kana rondedzero yepamutemo ichienda kune rimwe divi, isu tinofanirwa kunyumwira. Uye kupfuura zvose, kutiza mashoko anoparadzirwa hatifaniri kufunga kuti hatina kudzivirirwa nawo.
Zvinyorwa:
Asmolov, G. (2019) Mhedzisiro yeKutora Chikamu Propaganda: Kubva kuSocialization kuenda kuInternalization yeMakakatanwa. JoDS; 6:10.21428.
Nierenberg, A. (2018) Nei Propaganda Ichishanda? Kutya-Induced Kudzvinyirirwa kweExecutive Control Brain Network. Psychiatric Annals; 48 (7): 315.
Goldstein, EB (2015) Cognitive Psychology: Kubatanidza Pfungwa, Tsvakurudzo, uye Chiitiko cheZuva rega rega (4th Uye.). Sl: Wadsworth.
Biddle, WW (1931). Tsanangudzo yepfungwa yepropaganda. Iyo Nhoroondo yeasina kujairika uye Yemagariro Psychology; 26(3): 283-295.
Kupinda Propaganda nhasi: yachinja sei kuti irambe ichitinyengera? yakatanga kubudiswa muna Kona yePsychology.
