"Ngati mphamvu ikanakhala mankhwala, ikanakhala ndi mndandanda wautali wa zotsatira zake. Ikhoza kuledzera. Ikhoza kuipitsa. Ikhoza kusokoneza ", akulemba mtolankhani Jerry Useem. Zaka mazana aŵiri m’mbuyomo, wolemba mbiri Henry Adams ananena kuti ulamuliro uli "Mtundu wa chotupa chomwe chimatha kupha chifundo cha wozunzidwayo". Ndipo iye sanali kulakwitsa.
Zotsatira za mphamvu pa anthu zingakhale zowononga kwambiri. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi maudindo amatha kusonyeza khalidwe lonyanyira ndi kupanga zisankho zomwe zingawononge anthu omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wawo kapena kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo awo akutsatiridwa mwanjira ina. Iwo akuimbidwa mlandu wosamvetsetsa maganizo a anthu opanda ulamuliro ndiponso saganizira zofuna zawo.
Zotsatira za mphamvu
Dacher Keltner, katswiri wa zamaganizo pa yunivesite ya California amene wakhala zaka zambiri akuphunzira mmene mphamvu zimakhudzira mphamvu, anapeza zimenezo "Anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zapamwamba adakumana ndi zovuta zochepa komanso chifundo chochepa ndipo ankadzilamulira mopanda malire pamene munthu wina akuvutika".
Anapezanso kuti anthu amphamvu amachita ngati avulala kwambiri muubongo; ndiko kuti, amakhala opupuluma, osadziŵa zoopsa zake ndipo, choyipa kwambiri, ataya mphamvu yodziyika okha mu nsapato za ena ndikumvetsetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Keltner adachitcha "chododometsa cha mphamvu"; ndiko kuti, tikakhala ndi mphamvu, timataya zina mwa maluso omwe zidatithandiza kuzikwaniritsa.
Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, Adam Galinsky anachita kuyesera mwachidwi, kumene anapempha ophunzira kuti ajambule chilembo "E" pamphumi pawo kuti ena awoneke, ntchito yomwe inafuna kuti munthu atenge malo a munthu wowonera. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, anthu amphamvu anali ndi mwayi wochuluka katatu kuti ajambule "E" molondola kwa iwo eni komanso mozondoka kwa ena.
M’zofufuza zina, anapeza kuti anthu amphamvu amatha kuganiza kuti maganizo a anthu ena amagwirizana ndi maganizo awo. M'malo mwake, iwo anali ndi vuto lozindikira zomwe ena akumva kapena kulosera momwe ena angatanthauzire ndemanga zawo. Galinsky adawonetsa ophunzira 24 zithunzi za nkhope zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana: chisangalalo, mantha, mkwiyo kapena chisoni. Anthu amphamvu kwambiri adalakwitsa kwambiri poweruza malingaliro a ena.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa ndi Sukhvinder Obhi, katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo wochokera University of McMaster, anapeza kuti kusintha kwa khalidwe kumeneku kuli ndi maziko a minyewa. Nthawi zambiri, i magalasi manyuroni amalowetsedwa muubongo wathu tikaona munthu akuchitapo kanthu. Zoonadi, chizoloŵezi chotengera khalidwe la ena ndi njira yobisika yotsanzira yomwe imachitika popanda ife kuzindikira.
Tikawona wina akuchitapo kanthu, mbali ya ubongo yomwe tingagwiritse ntchito kuchita mayendedwe omwewo imatsegulidwa. Mukuyesa kwake, Obhi adapempha anthu kuti awone kanema wa wina atanyamula mpira wa rabara m'manja mwake. Mwa anthu opanda mphamvu, reflex imeneyo inkagwira ntchito bwino: njira za neural zomwe angagwiritse ntchito kufinya mpirawo kuthamangitsidwa motsimikiza. Koma pankhani ya amphamvu panali kuchepa kwa reflex, ngati kuti anali anesthetized.
Mu phunziro lotsatira, Obhi adapempha ophunzira kuti ayese kuyesetsa kuwonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kuyankha kwawo kwa ena. Koma panalibe kusiyana. Anthu amphamvu sakanatha kukweza chifundo chawo ndikudziyika okha mu nsapato za ena.
Mwina choyipa kwambiri, anthu omwe adachita nawo zoyesererazi adasinthidwa kuti amve kuti ali ndi mphamvu. Choncho, ngati chidziwitso chaching'ono cha mphamvu chingapangitse kusintha kwakukulu mu ntchito ya ubongo, ndizotheka kuti zaka za mphamvu pamapeto pake "zidzasokoneza" madera okhudzana ndi chifundo, chifundo ndi kumvetsetsa zosiyana.
N'chifukwa chiyani mphamvu imabweretsa kuperewera kwachifundo?
Kutaya chifundo ndi kutalikirana ndi malingaliro ena nthawi zambiri sichinthu choganiza, koma "zotsatira" za mphamvu. Vuto limodzi lalikulu ndi loti anthu amphamvu amasiya kutengera ena. Kuseka pamene ena akuseka kapena kuumitsa pamene ena aumitsa sikumangophatikizapo kugwirizana ndi ena, koma ndi njira yomwe imatithandiza kumva maganizo awo, imatithandiza kumvetsa chiyambi chawo. Keltner anapeza kuti anthu amphamvu Amasiya kutengera zomwe ena akumana nazo. ndipo amavutika ndi "kuperewera kwachifundo".
Chifukwa chiyani?
N’zotheka kuti kuchepetsa chizoloŵezi chimenechi chodziika m’malo mwa ena ndi njira ya kuika maganizo pa ntchito zofunika kwambiri pakati pa unyinji wa maudindo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amatsagana ndi mphamvu. Ndiko kuti, chidziwitso cha anthu amphamvu chikhoza kulemedwa ndi maudindo ndikuwongolera kuti akwaniritse bwino chuma chawo. Kwenikweni, ubongo wanu umadzisintha wokha kuti usefe zambiri zomwe ukuwona kuti ndizosafunika kuti uzigwira ntchito bwino.
Kufotokozera kwina ndiko kuti mtunda wamaganizidwe kuchokera kwa ena zimawathandiza "kugaya" bwino zisankho zovuta zomwe iwo omwe ali ndi mphamvu nthawi zina ayenera kupanga. Kwenikweni, kusadziika nokha mu nsapato za antchito omwe adzachotsa ntchito kapena anthu omwe angakhudzidwe ndi lamulo kumawathandiza kupanga chisankho pamene akusunga chithunzi chabwino chomwe ali nacho pa iwo eni. Choncho, izo zikanakhala ngati njira zodzitetezera kuteteza ego yawo.
M’lingaliro limeneli, kafukufuku amene anachitika ku yunivesite ya California anasonyeza kuti pamene zisankho zikakhala zosemphana ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu, anthu amphamvu amachita zinthu mosayembekezereka chifukwa amasankha mofulumira ndi kusonyeza kuti ali ndi chidaliro komanso kukhutira ndi zimene asankhazo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina posanthula zomwe zimakonda kukwaniritsidwa kwa zolinga ndikutaya njira zomwe zimapangidwira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusanthula mikhalidwe kapena mikhalidwe yomwe ilili.
Pomalizira pake, Susan Fiske, pulofesa wa pa yunivesite ya Princeton, akukhulupirira kuti kupanda chifundo kumeneku kuli chifukwa chakuti mphamvu imachepetsa kufunika kofunafuna chidziŵitso chokhudza anthu kuti amvetsetse ndi kuchitapo kanthu. M'machitidwe, anthu amphamvu kwambiri sakhala ndi chidwi ndi ena, amadzizindikiritsa okha, motero, amatha kugwera m'malingaliro ndi tsankho, chifukwa choti safunikira kutero popeza udindo wawo umawaposa iwowo. ena.
Zoonadi, kuperewera kwachifundo sikukhudza anthu onse omwe ali ndi mphamvu. Pali omwe amasungabe kuthekera kolumikizana ndi ena ndikudziyika okha mu nsapato zawo. Ndipotu, mphamvu si udindo, koma maganizo. Wandale angadzimve kukhala wamphamvu, mofanana ndi mkulu wa chitetezo cha boma kapena woweruza, koma mwini bizinesi kapena mphunzitsi amene ali ndi ulamuliro pa ophunzira ake angakhalenso ndi mphamvu.
Iwo omwe amamvetsetsa udindo womwe umabwera ndi mphamvu ndikuwona ngati malo osakhalitsa omwe amawathandiza kuthandiza ena ndikuwongolera miyoyo yawo akhoza kusunga chifundo chawo. Tsoka ilo, ndi ochepa, makamaka apamwamba amakwera piramidi ya ulamuliro.
Malire:
Li, X. & Chen, C. (2021) Zinthu zikafika povuta: Mphamvu zimakhudza njira yopangira zisankho zovuta. Journal of Social Psychology; DOI: 10.1080 / 00224545.2021.1874258.
Useem, J. (2017) Mphamvu Zimayambitsa Kuwonongeka kwa Ubongo. En: Nyanja ya Atlantic.
Obhi, SS & Naish, KR (2015) Njira zodzipangira zokha sizimasinthira kutulutsa kwamtundu wamoto poyang'ana zochita. J Neurophysiol; 114 (4): 2278-2284.
Obi, SS et. Al. (2014) Mphamvu zimasintha momwe ubongo umayankhira ena. Journal of Experimental Psychology; 143 (2): 755-762.
Galinsky, AD (2012) Zotsatira Zamphamvu Zamphamvu: Payekha, Dyadic, ndi Gulu Lamagulu. Kafukufuku pa Kuwongolera Magulu ndi Magulu; 15: 81-113.
Fiske, ST & Dépret, E. (2011) Kulamulira, Kudalirana ndi Mphamvu: Kumvetsetsa Chidziwitso Chachikhalidwe mu chikhalidwe Chake. Ndemanga yaku Europe ya Social Psychology; 7 (1): 31-61.
Keltner, D. et. Al. (2003) Mphamvu, Nsautso, ndi Chifundo: Kutembenuza Diso Lakhungu Kusauka kwa Ena. Psychological Science; 19 (12): 1315-1322.
Pakhomo Mphamvu imayambitsa kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumapangitsa chifundo idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
