Mitundu 5 yamankhwala am'maganizo pazosokoneza bongo

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trattamento psicologico dipendenze

Zinthu zomwe zimasintha mkhalidwe wa chidziwitso zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Ansembe ndi asing'anga adadya zomera kuti agwere m'madera osokonezeka ndipo mipukutu ya Ebers, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa zolemba zakale kwambiri zachipatala za anthu, imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito njere za poppy pofuna kuchiza. Komabe, ambiri adazindikiranso zotsatira zoyipa za zinthuzi komanso mphamvu zawo zosokoneza bongo. Mwachitsanzo, Aristotle anachenjeza kuti kumwa mowa panthaŵi ya mimba kungakhale kovulaza, ndipo dokotala wachiroma Celsus ankakhulupirira kuti kumwerekera ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi matenda.

Komabe, njira zochiritsira zoyambilira zinali zachikale kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoopsa kapena za iatrogenic. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, mwachitsanzo, kuledzera kwa mowa ndi opiamu kunkathandizidwa ndi morphine, cocaine ndi zina zomwe zimatchedwa "mankhwala osokoneza bongo" omwe adayambitsa chizolowezi chatsopano. Mankhwala monga kutenthedwa kwa kutentha ndi madzi ozizira, kulowetsa chikomokere ndi bromide kapena insulini, kapena lobotomies ndi kugwedeza kwamagetsi pambuyo pake kufalikira, zomwe zinatha kubweretsa mavuto ambiri kuposa momwe anathetsera.

Zonsezi zinayamba kusintha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20 pamene chithandizo chothandizira chinayambika kuti chiwongolere kuchotsedwa kwa poizoni pogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsana ndi kuthandizana. Masiku ano, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya neuroscience, titha kumvetsetsa bwino machitidwe oledzera ndi kupanga mapulogalamu opewera komanso kuwongolera malingaliro azovuta zomwe zimakhala zogwira mtima zomwe zimayika munthuyo ndi moyo wake pakati. Mankhwalawa amachitidwa ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi madigiri a Psychology kapena Psychiatry odziwika bwino pochiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuti atsatire njira yasayansi, yosiyana ndi machitidwe azachipatala.

Waukulu njira mu maganizo mankhwala osokoneza bongo

“Palibe chithandizo chimodzi chomwe chimagwira ntchito kwa aliyense. Chithandizo chothandiza ndi chomwe chimakwaniritsa zosowa zonse za wodwala, osati pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo chimafikira nthawi yayitali ngati pakufunika ", akuti National Institute on Drug Abuse wa United States.

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Zomwezo zimanenanso kuti "Uphungu ndi njira zina zochiritsira zamakhalidwe ndizo njira zofala kwambiri". M'malo mwake, kuledzera ndi vuto la psychophysical, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa zamaganizidwe ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimawayambitsa, komanso kuthandiza munthuyo kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe amakumana nazo ndikumupatsa zida zopewera kuyambiranso.

Mu psychology, pali njira zingapo zothandizira anthu omwe akufuna kuchotsa poizoni. Ngakhale kuti chithandizo chamaganizo-khalidwe chinali choyamba kuyankha mavuto omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zizoloŵezi zoledzeretsa ndipo akupitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kufufuza mwasayansi, palinso njira zina zovomerezeka komanso zothandiza.

1. Thandizo lachidziwitso-khalidwe

Chithandizo chamtunduwu chimaphatikiza mfundo zamakhalidwe, chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chithandizo chamalingaliro, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yokwanira, yokwanira komanso yothandiza pothana ndi mavuto ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kupewa kubwereranso.

Katswiri wa chidziwitso-khalidwe amaphunzitsa munthu njira zodziletsa zomwe zimamulola kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino zikhumbo. Gwirani ntchito ndi munthuyo kuti mumuthandize kuzindikira mikhalidwe yomwe angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu ndikupeza njira zopewera. Kumam’thandizanso kuti azitha kupirira bwinobwino zinthu zoika moyo pachiswe komanso kumam’phunzitsa kuti asamachite zinthu mobwerezabwereza.

Kupyolera mu kusanthula kwa magwiridwe antchito, chidziwitso-khalidwe labwino limazindikiritsa zoyambira ndi zotsatira za kuledzera, kuti munthuyo amvetsetse momwe zimakhudzira. Katswiri wa zamaganizo amamuthandiza kusanthula zidziwitso ndi zikhulupiriro zokhudzana ndi chizolowezi choledzeretsa kuti alimbikitse njira zosinthira zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa zizolowezi, malingaliro ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena zizolowezi zina.

2. Njira zothandizira anthu komanso zopezekapo

Thandizo laumunthu ndi lokhalapo likugogomezera kufunika komvetsetsa zochitika zaumunthu, kotero zimangoganizira za munthuyo, osati chizindikiro. Mavuto amaganizo, kuphatikizapo kuledzera, akukumana nawo chifukwa cha kulephera kusankha moyo woyenera kwambiri.

Chithandizo chamtunduwu chimatsindika ufulu waumwini ndi udindo polimbikitsa kuvomereza, kukula ndi kudzipereka. Njira yaumunthu, mwachitsanzo, imawona kuti tonsefe tili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso kuti tikhoza kupanga zisankho zabwino komanso zopindulitsa kwa ife eni ndi ena, kotero chithandizo chimayang'ana pa kulimbikitsa kukula kwaumwini m'malo mongoyang'ana pa zomwe ndimasokoneza.

Pankhani ya njira yopezekapo, wothandizira amathandiza munthuyo kupeza tanthauzo la moyo wake, komanso kuganiza ndi kuchita zinthu moyenera komanso moyenera. Pachithandizo chamaganizo cha anthu oledzeretsa, akuganiziridwa kuti gwero la vutoli ndi kusakhazikika komanso kupsinjika maganizo komwe kumadza chifukwa cha kusungulumwa, kudzipatula komanso kusowa tanthauzo, kotero awa ndi mavuto omwe amayankhidwa makamaka m'magawo. Kawirikawiri, ndi mankhwala ochiritsira ozikidwa pa chifundo ndi kumvetsera kolingalira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuvomereza ndi kunyengerera.

3. Chithandizo chachidule cha psychodynamic

Psychodynamic therapy imayang'ana momwe machitidwe osazindikira amawonekera mumayendedwe apano amunthu. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikumvetsetsa momwe zam'mbuyomu zimakhudzira machitidwe apano kuti alimbikitse kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa kapena kukulitsa chizoloŵezicho.

Mwachidule, munthuyo amasanthula zizindikiro zawo, mikangano yosathetsedwa ndi maubwenzi osokonekera omwe amachokera m'mbuyomu komanso omwe amadziwonetsera okha mwa kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu. Pankhaniyi, wothandizira nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kulowererapo pamalingaliro ochepera okhudzana ndi chizolowezicho.

mwachitsanzo, chithandizo chamankhwala chothandizira, mwachitsanzo, ndi mtundu wa chithandizo cha psychodynamic chomwe chimasinthidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito molakwika chomwe chimakhazikitsidwanso ndi lingaliro lakuti kuledzera kumapangidwa ndi zochitika zapamoyo. Pankhaniyi, njira zothandizira zimaphatikizidwa kuti zilole anthu kuti azilankhula momasuka za zochitika zawo zaumwini ndi malingaliro awo ndi njira zowonetsera zomwe zimawathandiza kuzindikira ndi kuthetsa mavuto mu ubale wawo.

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4. Chithandizo chachidule cha banja

Mavuto obwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo samachitika paokha. Nthawi zambiri, kusinthika kwapabanja komwe kudachokera kapena komwe kumachitika pano kumakhala ngati choyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kumatha kulimbikitsa khalidwe losagwira ntchito. M’mawu ena, kugwirizana ndi achibale kungawonjezere vutolo, kapenanso kungathandize kuthetsa vutolo.

Thandizo la mabanja limatengera chiphunzitso chakuti munthu akaledzera, amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi achibale awo, machitidwe awo komanso / kapena momwe amalankhulirana. Kuti amvetse zamphamvu izi, katswiri wa zamaganizo amasanthula zinthu monga utsogoleri wa mphamvu, maudindo ndi njira zoyankhulirana m'banja. Pachifukwa ichi, magawo nthawi zambiri amakhudza anthu ena, monga makolo, okondedwa kapena ana.

Kupyolera mu chithandizo cha banja, munthuyo amathandizidwa kuzindikira malo osokonekera ndikusintha kusayankhulana kokwanira ndi machitidwe a ubale ndi kulankhulana komveka bwino, kolunjika komanso kogwira mtima komwe kuli malire a thanzi. Thandizo la mtundu umenewu limagwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri pamene banjalo lingathandize munthuyo kuchira kapena akukumana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chizoloŵezi cha munthu wina.

5. Chithandizo chamagulu

Thandizo lamagulu ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza zizolowezi. Ndizothandiza chifukwa zimalola anthu kuyang'ana momwe machitidwe awo osokoneza bongo akuyendera kudzera mwa iwo okha ndi kuyang'anira ena, komanso kupanga kudzipereka kwa gulu, zomwe zimathandizira kuchira munyengo yothandizira, kumvetsetsa ndi chiyembekezo.

Palinso mitundu ingapo ya chithandizo chamagulu pazosokoneza bongo:

Magulu a Psychoeducational. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikudziwitsa anthu za makhalidwe, zachipatala komanso zamaganizo zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuledzera. Amaperekanso zida kuti anthu aphunzire kuzindikira, kupewa ndi kuyang'anira mayiko amkati ndi zochitika zakunja zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi chizolowezi.

Magulu opititsa patsogolo luso. Iwo kwenikweni ndi magulu ophunzitsa za luso lolimbana ndi vutoli kuti anthu athe kukwaniritsa ndi kukhalabe odziletsa. Amaphunzitsa mamembala awo kukana kupatsidwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupewa zinthu zoyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito, kuletsa kusuta, kuthana ndi malingaliro monga mkwiyo, ndi kumasuka.

• Magulu othandizira. M'magulu awa, ntchito ndi kudzipereka kwa mamembala kumalimbikitsidwa kukulitsa luso lachiyanjano ndikuwongolera malingaliro ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kumwa panthawi yochira. Anthu amathandizana ndikugawana malangizo othandiza a momwe angakhalire odziletsa komanso kuthana ndi zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chithandizo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukulitsa kudzidalira ndikuwonjezera kudzidalira kwa mamembala.

Mwachidule, pali mankhwala angapo ochiritsira oledzera. Aliyense wa iwo amatenga njira yosiyana, koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi onse amathandizira kukulitsa luso la m’maganizo limene anthu amafunikira kulimbana ndi kumwerekera. Chofunika kwambiri ndikutenga sitepe yoyamba ndikupempha thandizo lapadera.

Malire:

(2019) Enfoques de treatment para la drogadicción. Mu: National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA). - palibe kutsatira

Crocq, M. (2007) Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ubale wa munthu ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Dialogues Clin Neurosci; 9 (4): 355–361.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Utumiki Waumoyo Waubongo (2005) Mitundu Yambiri Yamagulu Awiri Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pochiza Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo. Mu: Chithandizo Chothandizira Protocol (TIP) Series; 2.

Sánchez, E. & Gradolí, V. (2001) Intervención psicológica en conductas adictivas. Trastornos Adictivos; 3 ( 1): 21-27 .


Pakhomo Mitundu 5 yamankhwala am'maganizo pazosokoneza bongo idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.

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