Mleme ndi mpira zimawononga ma € 1,10 onse. Ngati bele amawononga 1 euro kuposa mpira, mpirawo umawononga ndalama zingati?
Ili linali limodzi mwa mafunso omwe akatswiri a zamaganizidwe ku National Center for Scientific Research ku France adafunsa ophunzira 248 aku yunivesite. Popanda kulingalira zambiri, 79% adati mileme idawononga 1 yuro ndipo mpira ndi masenti 10.
Yankho silinali lolondola. M'malo mwake, mpira udawononga masenti 5 ndi kalabu 1,05 mayuro. Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa amachitidwa ulesi wozindikira.
Kodi ulesi wozindikira chiyani?
Kuganiza nkovuta. Ubongo wathu ndi mtundu wa makina ozindikiritsa mawonekedwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timakhala achimwemwe zinthu zikagwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe tili nawo kale, ndipo akapanda kutero, timayesetsa m'njira iliyonse kuti tiwasinthe momwe timaganizira kale.
Nthawi zambiri sititenga nthawi kapena kugawa mphamvu zokwanira kuti tipeze njira zatsopano zomwe zitha kufotokozera zochitika ndi zochitika zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi malingaliro athu.
Nthawi zambiri timanyalanyaza malingaliro athu ndikugwiritsa ntchito "aulesi" okonda kuphunzira. Heuristics ndi njira zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuti tithandizire kukonza zambiri ndikupeza yankho lokwanira. Ndi njira zamaganizidwe zofikira mwachangu mayankho kapena mafotokozedwe.
Zachidziwikire, kuyerekezera kumatipulumutsa mphamvu yayikulu yamaganizidwe. Koma ngati timawadalira kwambiri, osasintha, titha kugwa m'maganizo, otchedwa "ulesi wozindikira". Ulesi wozindikirawu umakhala wovuta kwambiri tikakumana ndi zovuta zomwe sizikhala ndi yankho losavuta.
Ulesi wozindikira, manda achilengedwe
Kodi mudawonapo magudumu a sitima pafupi? Iwo ali ndi ziphuphu. Ndiye kuti, ali ndi mlomo womwe umawateteza kuti asayende njanji. Komabe, poyambilira, mawilo a sitimayo analibe kamangidwe kameneka, njira yachitetezoyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito panjanji, malinga ndi katswiri. Michael Michaelko.
Poyambirira vutoli lidafotokozedwa motere: Kodi njanji zingapezeke bwanji panjanji? Zotsatira zake, njanji zamakilomita mazana masauzande adamangidwa ndi chitsulo chosafunikira, ndizotsatira zake. L 'Kuzindikira inabwera pamene mainjiniya anatchulanso vutoli: Kodi mungatani kuti magudumu omwe amachititsa kuti njanji zizikhala zotetezeka?
Chowonadi ndichakuti, titawona zinthu kuchokera mbali imodzi, timatseka chitseko cha zotheka zina ndikuyang'ana kukulitsa lingaliro limodzi. Tiyeni tifufuze mbali imodzi yokha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake malingaliro amitundu ina amabwera m'maganizo ndipo ena samangodutsa m'maganizo mwathu. Kuti tipeze mwayi wina wopanga tiyenera kukulitsa masomphenya athu.
Zowonadi, imodzi mwanjira zomwe ulesi wamaganizidwe umatenga ndikuvomereza zomwe tili nazo pamavuto, mikangano kapena nkhawa. Tikakhazikitsa poyambira, sitimayang'ana njira zina zomvetsetsa zenizeni.
Koma monga zimachitikira ndi zathu chithunzi choyamba Za munthu, malingaliro oyambira pamavuto ndi zochitika amakhala ochepera komanso opanda pake. Sitiwona zoposa zomwe timayembekezera kuwona kutengera zomwe takumana nazo komanso momwe timaganizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ulesi wozindikira umatipangitsa kupewa mayankho omwe angakhalepo ndikuti titseka chitseko cha zaluso.
Iwo amene saganiza ndi osavuta kunyenga
Ulesi wozindikira sikuti umangotsutsana ndi zaluso, zingatipangitsenso kukhala oganiza bwino komanso osavuta kuwongolera. Chizolowezi chotsatira zomwe zidalipo chimatipangitsa kuvomereza zikhulupiriro kapena zidziwitso zina popanda kuwafunsa.
Mu 2019, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku Yale University adafunsa anthu 3.446 kuti awone kulondola kwa nkhani zingapo zomwe zidalembedwa pa Facebook. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa.
Adazindikira kuti sitimatha kukhulupirira nkhani zabodza zikagwirizana ndi malingaliro athu, koma kuti ndi ulesi wozindikira. Kudzinyenga kapena kulingalira ndi gawo limodzi chabe lofotokozera za chodabwitsa cha nkhani zabodza, china ndikuti timakhala ngati ovuta kuzindikira.
Ofufuzawa adapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro owunikira kwambiri amatha kusiyanitsa chowonadi ndi mabodza, ngakhale zomwe zili munkhani zabodza zikugwirizana ndi malingaliro ndi malingaliro adziko lapansi.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti, m'malo mopenda mozama zomwe timadya, timagwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kudalirika kwa gwero, udindo wa wolemba kapena kudziwa zambiri, zomwe zimatilepheretsa kudziwa kulondola kwake ndikupanga timakonda kukhulupirira zabodza kapena malingaliro olakwika.
Maganizo osinthika ngati mankhwala oletsa ulesi wozindikira
Tonsefe tili ndi kuthekera kocheperako kofotokozera, chifukwa chake timatenga njira zazifupi nthawi iliyonse yomwe tingathe. Palibe manyazi mu izi. Zolingalira ndizitsanzo za njira zazifupi zotere. Ndikuphweka kwa zovuta zomwe zimatithandiza kuthana nazo ndi njira yosavuta momwe timapezera chuma cha anthu komanso dziko lapansi. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti kudziwa kuti tonsefe timavutika ndi ulesi wazidziwitso kumatithandiza kulimbana nawo.
Kuti tichite izi tiyenera kuyambira poti sizinthu zonse zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro athu. M'malo mwake, ndibwino kuti zinthu zisalumikizane chifukwa chosiyanachi ndi chomwe chimatilola kutsegula malingaliro athu ndikulitsa malingaliro athu.
Tikakumana ndi chochitika, chodabwitsa kapena lingaliro lomwe limachoka pamalingaliro athu, tili ndi njira ziwiri: kuyesa kuzisintha mwanjira iliyonse kapena kuvomereza kuti malingaliro athu sali okwanira kufotokoza zomwe zikuchitika kapena kufunafuna yankho.
Maganizo osinthika, omvetsetsa ngati kuthekera koganiza za zinthu mosiyanasiyana, ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera ulesi wazidziwitso. Kuti tizigwiritse ntchito tiyenera kukulitsa kuthekera koti tiwone zinthu momwe timaonera, komanso kuchokera kutsutsana. Mwanjira imeneyi timatha kuphatikiza zotsutsana ndi zosankha zapakatikati. Pochita, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuthekera, komanso zosiyana.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kugwa mu ulesi wazidziwitso, chizindikiritso chochepa ndikwanira kutiuza kuti tikulondola kapena kutsimikiziranso malingaliro athu. Ndikosavuta kukhulupirira kuposa kuganiza. Maganizo osintha amatilimbikitsa kuti tisamale mbali ina ndikuwonanso zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti tikulakwitsa, zizindikilo zakuti mwina pangakhale mipata m'maudindo athu ndi malingaliro athu.
Chifukwa chake tiyenera kusiya kuweruza, kutanthauzira zowona, kuzilandira ndikupanga zosintha zofunikira kuti tikulitse malingaliro athu ndi malingaliro athu. Izi zitithandiza kukhala ndi malingaliro olemera padziko lapansi ndikukhala ndi malingaliro otseguka.
Malire:
Pennycook, G. Rand, DG (2019) Waulesi, osakondera: Kutengeka ndi nkhani zabodza zofotokozedwa bwino kumafotokozedwa bwino ndikusowa kwa kulingalira kuposa kulingalira mwamphamvu. Kuzindikira; 188:39-50 .
De Neys, W. et. Al. (2013) Mileme, mipira, komanso chidwi chawo cholowa m'malo: ovuta kuzindikira siopusa osangalala. Psychon Bull Rev; 20 (2): 269-73.
Pakhomo Ulesi wozindikira, omwe saganiza ndiosavuta kunyenga idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
