Kusinthasintha ndi njira yodzitetezera yomwe palibe amene amathawa. Zinthu zikasokonekera ndipo tizimva kutipanikiza, titha kumva kupsinjika ndipo chifukwa chake sitingathe kuthana ndi zovuta moyenera. Tikakumana ndi zoopseza "I" wathu, timadziteteza kuti tisamavutike kwambiri ndi malingaliro omwe amatilola kupita patsogolo osawononga gawo lathu. Kuzindikira mwina ndiye njira zodzitetezera ofala kwambiri.
Kodi kusintha kwamalingaliro mu psychology ndi chiyani?
Lingaliro lokhazikitsa maziko lidayambiranso kwa a psychoanalyst Ernest Jones. Mu 1908 adapereka tanthauzo loyamba lamalingaliro: "Kupangidwa kwa chifukwa chofotokozera malingaliro kapena zochita zomwe zolinga zawo sizikudziwika". Sigmund Freud anavomereza mwachangu lingaliro lokhazikika kuti amvetsetse mafotokozedwe operekedwa ndi odwala pazizindikiro zawo zamanjenje.
Kwenikweni, kulingalira mwanjira ina ndi njira yokana yomwe imalola kuti tipewe mkangano ndi kukhumudwitsidwa komwe kumabweretsa. Zimagwira bwanji? Timayang'ana zifukwa - zowoneka zomveka - kulungamitsa kapena kubisa zolakwika, zofooka kapena zotsutsana zomwe sitikufuna kuvomereza kapena zomwe sitikudziwa momwe tingayendetsere.
Mwakuyeserera, kusiyanitsa ndimachitidwe okana omwe amatilola kuthana ndi mikangano yamaganizidwe kapena zovuta zamkati kapena zakunja ndikupanga mafotokozedwe olimbikitsa koma olakwika amalingaliro athu, zochita zathu kapena malingaliro athu kuti tibise zolinga zenizeni.
Makina amalingaliro, atsekeredwa ndi zomwe sitikufuna kuzindikira
Mwambiri, timagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ena poyesa kufotokoza ndikutsimikizira momwe timakhalira kapena zomwe zatichitikira mwanjira zomveka kapena zomveka, kuti izi zitheke kupilira kapena kukhala zabwino.
Kusintha kumachitika m'magawo awiri. Poyambirira timapanga chisankho kapena kukhazikitsa machitidwe olimbikitsidwa ndi chifukwa china. Mphindi yachiwiri timanga chifukwa china, chokhala ndi zomveka komanso zogwirizana, kuti titeteze lingaliro lathu kapena machitidwe athu, kwa ife eni komanso kwa ena.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kudzikhululukira sikukutanthauza kunama - makamaka munthawi yovuta kwambiriyi - nthawi zambiri munthu amangokhulupirira pazifukwa zomangidwa. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito malingaliro amatsata njira zomwe zimachokera ku chidziwitso chathu; ndiye kuti sitimadzinyenga tokha kapena anzathu.
M'malo mwake, pomwe wama psychologist amayesa kufotokoza izi, sizachilendo kuti munthu azikana chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zifukwa zake ndizomveka. Sitingathe kuiwala kuti kusiyanasiyana kumachokera pamafotokozedwe omwe, ngakhale ali abodza, ndi omveka. Popeza zifukwa zomwe timaganiza ndizomveka bwino, zimatha kutitsimikizira motero sitiyenera kuzindikira kulephera kwathu, zolakwitsa, zolephera kapena zolakwika zathu.
Rationalization imakhala ngati njira yodzilekanitsa. Mosazindikira, timakhazikitsa mtunda pakati pa "zabwino" ndi "zoyipa", ndikudzipangira tokha "zabwino" ndikukana "zoyipa", kuti tithetse gwero la kusatetezeka, ngozi kapena mikangano yomwe sitikufuna kuzindikira. Mwanjira imeneyi timatha "kusintha" chilengedwe, ngakhale sitithetsa mikangano yathu. Timasunga malingaliro athu kwakanthawi kochepa, koma sititeteza kwamuyaya.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ku Yunivesite ya California apeza kuti njira yolumikizira zinthu imatha kugwira ntchito mosavuta tikamapanga zisankho zovuta kapena tikakumana ndi mikangano yovuta, osaganizira kwanthawi yayitali, monga chochokera pakupanga zisankho kuti muchepetse nkhawa., Kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe ndi kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso kukhazikitsidwa ndi kupanga chisankho komweko.
Chifukwa chake, sitidziwa nthawi zonse kuti tizilingalira. Komabe, kukana kumeneku kudzakhala kwakukulu kapena kocheperako komanso kosatha kutengera kuchuluka kwa zomwe tikuwona kuti zikuwopseza "I" wathu.
Zitsanzo zakumvetsetsa ngati njira yodzitetezera m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Rationalization ndi njira yodzitetezera yomwe titha kugwiritsa ntchito osazindikira tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwina chitsanzo chakale kwambiri chodzikhululukira chimachokera mu nthano ya Aesop "The Fox and the Grapes".
M'nthanoyi, nkhandweyo imawona masango ndikuyesera kuwafikira. Koma atayesetsa kangapo, amazindikira kuti ndiokwera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake amawanyoza ponena kuti: "Sanakhwime!".
Mu moyo weniweni timakhala ngati nkhandwe za mbiri osazindikira. Rationalization, m'malo mwake, imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamaganizidwe:
• Pewani kukhumudwa. Titha kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro kuti tipewe kukhumudwitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwathu komanso kuteteza mawonekedwe abwino omwe tili nawo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kufunsa mafunso okhudza ntchito kudasokonekera, titha kudzinamiza tokha podzinena kuti sitinafune ntchitoyi.
• Musazindikire zolephera. Kusinthasintha kumatipulumutsa kuti tizindikire zina zomwe tingathe, makamaka zomwe zimatipangitsa kukhala osasangalala. Tikapita kuphwando, titha kunena kuti sitivina chifukwa sitikufuna kutuluka thukuta, pomwe chowonadi ndichakuti timachita manyazi ndi kuvina.
• Kuthawa kulakwa. Timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera kuti tibise zolakwitsa zathu ndikuletsa kumva liwongo. Titha kudziuza tokha kuti vuto lomwe limatidetsa nkhawa likadakhalapo kapena kuganiza kuti ntchitoyi idawonongedwa kuyambira pachiyambi.
• Pewani kulowerera. Kulingalira bwino ndiyonso njira yoti tisadziyese tokha, nthawi zambiri chifukwa choopa zomwe tikhoza kupeza. Mwachitsanzo, titha kutsimikizira kukhumudwa kwathu kapena machitidwe amwano ndi kupsinjika komwe tidakhala mumsewu wamagalimoto pomwe izi zitha kubisala kusamvana kwaposachedwa ndi munthu ameneyo.
• Musavomereze zenizeni. Zoona zikapitilira kuthekera kwathu kuti tichite nazo, timaganiza kuti ndi njira yotitetezera. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene ali pachibwenzi, angaganize kuti ndi vuto lake kuti sanazindikire kuti mnzakeyo ndi wozunza kapena kuti samamukonda.
Kodi kumvetsetsa zinthu kumakhala vuto liti?
Kusinthasintha kumatha kusintha chifukwa kumatiteteza ku zotengeka komanso zomwe sitikanatha kuzichita nthawi imeneyo. Tonse titha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera popanda machitidwe athu kuwonedwa kuti ndi amisala. Chomwe chimapangitsa kusinthasintha kukhala kovuta kwambiri ndikukhwima komwe kumadziwonekera ndikukula kwakanthawi kwakanthawi.
Kristin Laurin, katswiri wa zamaganizidwe ku Yunivesite ya Waterloo, adachitapo zoyeserera zingapo zosangalatsa zomwe akuwonetsa kuti kulingalira bwino kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe amakhulupirira kuti mavuto alibe yankho. Kwenikweni, ndikudzipereka chifukwa timaganiza kuti sizomveka kumenyanabe.
M'modzi mwazoyeserera, omwe adatenga nawo mbali adawerenga kuti kuchepetsa malire othamangitsa m'mizinda kungapangitse anthu kukhala otetezeka komanso kuti nyumba yamalamulo yasankha kuwatsitsa. Ena mwa anthuwa adauzidwa kuti lamuloli lidzayamba kugwira ntchito, pomwe ena adauzidwa kuti kuthekera kwakuti lamulolo likanidwa.
Iwo omwe amakhulupirira kuti malire othamangitsidwa achepetsedwa adakondera kusintha ndikusaka zifukwa zomveka zovomerezera izi kuposa omwe amaganiza kuti mwina kuthekera kwatsopanoku sikuvomerezedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusinthasintha kungatithandizire kukumana ndi zenizeni zomwe sitingathe kuzisintha.
Komabe, kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito zifukwa monga chizolowezi chothana ndi zovuta nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopitilira zabwino zomwe zingatibweretsere:
• Timabisa malingaliro athu. Kupondereza malingaliro athu kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa kwakanthawi. Maganizo alipo kuti asonyeze mkangano womwe tiyenera kuthetsa. Kuzinyalanyaza nthawi zambiri sikungathetse vutoli, koma atha kumangodzaza, kutipweteketsa komanso kupititsa patsogolo zovuta zomwe zimawapangitsa.
• Timakana kuzindikira mithunzi yathu. Tikamapanga rationalization ngati chida chodzitchinjiriza titha kumva bwino chifukwa tikuteteza chithunzi chathu, koma pamapeto pake, posazindikira zofooka zathu, zolakwitsa kapena zolephera zathu zingatilepheretse kukula ngati anthu. Titha kungolowera pokhapokha titakhala ndi chithunzi chathu chenicheni ndipo tikudziwa mikhalidwe yomwe timafunikira kuti tiilimbikitse kapena kuyenga.
• Timachoka pachowonadi. Ngakhale zifukwa zomwe timafunafuna zitha kukhala zomveka, ngati sizowona chifukwa chazikhulupiriro zolakwika, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri. Kusinthasintha nthawi zambiri sikusintha chifukwa kumatitengera kutali ndikutalikirana ndi zenizeni, m'njira yomwe imatilepheretsa kuvomereza ndikugwira ntchito kuti tisinthe, kumangothandiza kukulitsa kusakhutira.
Makiyi kuti asiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera ngati chitetezo
Tikamadzinamiza, sitimangonyalanyaza malingaliro athu ndi zolinga zathu, komanso timabisala zidziwitso zofunika. Popanda izi, ndizovuta kupanga zisankho zabwino. Zili ngati kuti tikuyenda m'moyo titatsekeka m'maso. Kumbali inayi, ngati tingathe kuzindikira chithunzi chathunthu momveka bwino, moyenera komanso mosavomerezeka, ngakhale zitakhala zovuta bwanji, tidzatha kuwunika njira yabwino kutsatira, yomwe siyimatipweteketsa ndipo izi, pamapeto pake, zimatibweretsera zabwino zambiri.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuphunzira kuzindikira momwe timamvera, zomwe timachita komanso zomwe tili nazo. Pali funso lomwe lingatifikitse patali kwambiri: "chifukwa chiyani?" Ngati china chake chikutivuta kapena chikusowetsa mtendere, timangofunika kudzifunsa chifukwa chake.
Ndikofunika kuti tisakhazikike poyankha koyamba komwe kumabwera m'maganizo chifukwa kumatha kukhala kusiyanitsa, makamaka ngati ndi vuto lomwe limatikhumudwitsa. Tiyenera kupitiliza kufufuza zolinga zathu, ndikudzifunsa chifukwa chake mpaka titafotokozere zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi chathu. Njira yofufuzirayi idzalipira ndipo itithandiza kuti tizidziwana bwino ndikudzivomereza tokha monga momwe ziliri, chifukwa chake tiyenera kuyeserera pang'ono.
Malire:
Kutulutsa, W. et. Al. (2019) Maganizo Omwe Angasinthidwe. Sayansi ya ubongo ndi ubongo; 43.
Laurin, K. (2018) Kutsegulira Kumasulira: Maphunziro Atatu Omasulira Apeze Kulingalira Kochulukirachulukira Pomwe Zoyembekezeredwa Zikhala Zomwe Zilipo. Psychol Sci; 29 (4): 483-495.
Knoll, M. et. Al. (2016) Rationalization (Defense Mechanism) En: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality ndi Kusiyana Kwawo. Mphukira, Cham.
Laurin, K. et. Al. (2012) Reactance Versus Rationalization: Mayankho Osiyanasiyana Ndondomeko Zomwe Zimalepheretsa Ufulu. Psychol Sci; 23 (2): 205-209.
Jarcho, JM et. Al. (2011) Maziko a neural amalingaliro: kuchepetsa kuzindikira kwa dissonance panthawi yopanga zisankho. Soc Cogn Zimakhudza Neurosci; 6 (4): 460-467.
Pakhomo Kulingalira, njira zodzitetezera zomwe timadzinyenga tokha idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
