Kukayikira, kukayikira, ma nuances ndi chifukwa sichikhala ndi nthawi yabwino. M'masiku aposachedwa, nkhanizi zidasinthidwa mofanana, kupatula aliyense amene sagwirizana komanso woganiza mosiyana.
Monga golosale, nkhani izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndikugulitsidwa m'maphukusi. Palibe kuthekera kosintha. Ngati simukukonda china chake kapena simupeza mfundo zina zomwe sizikugwirizana, mumangopita kumbali ina yolankhulirako chifukwa maudindo awiri okha ndi omwe amawerengedwa: kapena kutsutsana. Pali zabwino kapena zoyipa zokha.
Kulekerera kwakukulu kumeneku sikumapereka mpata wotsutsa kapena kukayikira koyenera. M'malo mokambirana pali zokambirana za anthu ogontha momwe chipongwe ndi ziwopsezo zimawuluka ad hominem. Aliyense amabisala kumbuyo kwa chowonadi chake ndikuchitchinjiriza dzino ndi msomali, ndikusintha inayo kukhala mdani wake.
M'malo a malingaliro opondereza, kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi mlandu. Ndipo nthawi zonse pamakhala otchinjiriza otentheka okonzeka kulanga iwo omwe sagwirizana, kukayika kapena kungoganiza chabe. Izi ndizamphamvu zomwe zipembedzo zambiri zakhala zikutsatira kwazaka mazana ambiri zomwe zimawopsa kufalikira mgulu lathu mwanjira ya oyang'anira mfundo momwe alili oyang'anira Unduna wa Choonadi.
Komabe, ma Ministries a Choonadi omwe akhalapo m'mbiri yonse sanakonde kupita patsogolo, m'malo mwake. Chisinthiko chimachokera kukumana kwa malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku mgwirizano wazosemphana komanso kuchokera kumgwirizano wamawonekedwe ooneka ngati osalumikizidwa.
Kulephera kuvomereza zotsutsana, kuphatikizika komanso kusamveka bwino kumalimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chakuti wina walondola pomwe winayo ndi wolakwika, mitambo imaganiza bwino ndikuphatikiza chiphunzitso komanso kuuma kwamalingaliro. M'malo mwake, "Chizindikiro cha luntha loyambirira ndikutha kukhala ndi malingaliro awiri otsutsana omwe ali mu mzimu nthawi yomweyo ndipo, ngakhale zili choncho, osasiya kugwira ntchito", monga wolemba Scott Fitzgerald adanena.
Pukutani kukayikira kwakukulu kwa Pirrone
Nthawi zonse pamakhala winawake, kwinakwake, yemwe sangatsutsane nanu. Ngakhale malingaliro anu angawoneke ngati omveka, anzeru kapena olembedwa, nthawi zonse pamakhala lingaliro lachiwiri, lingaliro losiyana, kapena kukayika pang'ono.
Giovanni amakhulupirira kuti maboma akumanzere ali bwino. Paolo amakhulupirira kuti omwe ali kumanja ali. Giovanni amakhulupirira kuti katemera ndiotetezeka. Paolo sakukhulupirira kwenikweni. Giovanni akukonda euthanasia. Paul is against ... And so, ad infinitum.
Chowonadi chokha ndichakuti palibe mayankho osavuta kapena njira zazifupi m'moyo. Chilichonse chili ndi mbali ziwiri. Awa ndiye mfundo yayikulu yakukayikira yomwe a Pirrone d'Elide, wafilosofi woyamba wokayikira yemwe adakayikira vuto lake lalikulu.
Pirrone adayamba kuzindikira china chomwe anthu aku Western akuwoneka kuti aiwala kapena, osatinso zochita: chilichonse chili ndi mbali ziwiri ndipo tonsefe timalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro athu, zikhulupiriro ndi malingaliro athu. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zonse tidzawona dziko mosiyana ndi ena.
Amati Pirrone adatsagana ndi Alexander Wamkulu paulendo wake wopita ku India, komwe adakumana ndi yogis ndi sadhus omwe adalankhula naye za filosofi ya Buddha, zomwe zidamuthandiza kumvetsetsa kukhalapo kwa zotsutsana ndikuti kudziwa kwathu dziko lapansi kuli kocheperako, nthawi zambiri kumasokonekera ndikulowerera ndi zomwe takumana nazo, zoyembekezera komanso mphamvu zathu.
Izi zimabweretsa lingaliro lachiwiri la kukayikira kwakukulu: tiyenera kukumbukira kuti aliyense wa ife, kapena tonsefe, titha kukhala olakwitsa nthawi iliyonse. Mbiri yatsimikizira izi nthawi zosawerengeka. Chifukwa chake, palibe amene angakhale chitsimikiziro cha chowonadi ndipo palibe amene ayenera kukhala wopanda mphamvu pakuwongolera ndi kuweruza, posatengera udindo wawo, mphamvu kapena chidziwitso.
Pirrone anapitilira apo. Sanangokayikira, kufunsa komanso kutsutsa zikhulupiriro zozikika, adati palibe njira yodziwira zomwe zili zoona. Kukayikira kwake kwakukulu sikukutanthauza kuti zotsutsana zonse ndizovomerezeka kapena kuti zina sizomveka kapena zowona kuposa ena, zikutanthauza kuti sitingakhulupirire kuti ndife osunga chowonadi chenicheni ndikuti ena alakwitsa. Zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kusiya malo osokonekera ndikusintha.
Zowonadi, a Pirrone amaganiza kuti timangowononga nthawi yochulukirapo komanso khama kufunafuna mayankho otsimikizika pomwe pangakhale zokayika komanso zosamveka bwino. Timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri zamaganizidwe kukangana, kukwiya ndikutsutsa omwe amaganiza mosiyana, malingaliro omwe amatitsutsa kuti tisakhale osasangalala komanso opuwala misala.
Nthawi, kutha kuyimitsa chiweruzo
Mawu oti "skeptic" amachokera ku Chigriki skeptikos, kutanthauza kuti "amene amafufuza", komanso kuchokera ku mizu ya Indo-European masiki kutanthauza kuti "kuyang'ana" kapena "kusunga". Chifukwa chake, wokayikirayo si yekhayo amene amakayikira, koma kwenikweni ndi wofufuza yemwe amawona zenizeni.
Komabe, ngati tiwona zenizeni kudzera muzikhulupiriro zathu, malingaliro olakwika ndi zomwe tikuyembekezera, tidzakhala ndi chithunzi cholakwika komanso chamwano. Kuti tivomereze kukayikira ndikudziwonetsera tokha pazotheka zonse, tiyenera kupanga zomwe Pirrone adatcha nthawi, kutanthauza kuti "kuyimitsidwa kwa chiweruzo". Mumachipeza bwanji? Kupewa ziphunzitso zamalingaliro ndi malingaliro. Ndiye kuti, kuvomereza kukayika, kusamvetseka komanso kutsutsana kwa dziko lapansi.
Pirrone adafunsira njira yothetsera kuweruza: kusonkhanitsa zokambirana m'malo onse awiri mkangano mpaka kufikiraisósthenia; ndiye kuti ali ndi mphamvu zofanana. Izi zitilola kunena kuti pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pankhaniyi, chifukwa chake chinthu chanzeru kwambiri kuchita ndikuimitsa chiweruzo - kumvetsetsa ngati kuwunika koyenera kapena chabwino, chabwino kapena cholakwika.
Inde, kukayikira kwakukulu sikukutanthauza kuti sitingakambirane nkhani kapena kuteteza malingaliro athu. Kudzudzula moona mtima nthawi zonse kumakhala kovomerezeka. Koma tiyenera kudziwa kuti ndi izi: malingaliro athu.
Kuyikanthawi, zingakhale zabwino kuyambitsa zokambirana zilizonse ndi mawu oti: "awa ndi malingaliro anga chabe". Kotero ife tikhoza phunzirani kutsutsa, podziwa kuti palibe amene ali ndi mawu omaliza kapena amene angadzinenere kuti ali ndi ufulu wosankha chabwino kapena choipa. Tiyenera kusiya kufunikira kotsimikizika kwathunthu ndikuvomereza kuti zikhulupiriro zathu zimafunikira kukonza.
Pangani malo otsutsana
Kuzindikira malire a kamvedwe kathu ndi kopindulitsa kwambiri: kumatiteteza kuti tisayambe kukambirana zopanda pake ndikutiteteza ku zovuta zonse zomwe zimabwera pambuyo pake. Timaphunzira kusiya kufunikira koti titetezere malingaliro athu molimbika chifukwa sitingakhale otsimikiza kuti ndiwolondola. Tiyeni tileke kukambirana mitu yomwe sikupita kulikonse. Timasiya kuganiza kuti ndife eni ake a chowonadi ndipo koposa zonse, timadzitsegulira ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe angatilimbikitse kuwona kwathu padziko lapansi.
Tiyenera kupeza luso lomwe Scott Fitzgerald anatchulapo, kuthekera kokhala ndi malingaliro otsutsana m'malingaliro mwathu ndikumakhala omasuka ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa dziko ndi malo ovuta ndipo sapereka mayankho osavuta. Timasunthira m'malo osalongosoka pomwe palibe chilichonse chakuda kapena choyera. Kulowetsa monyanyira kumawononga malingaliro athu ndipo kumawononga kulingalira kwathu.
Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti tipeze kutsutsa koyenera komanso koyenera,kudzichepetsa kwa nzeru ndi kusinthasintha kwamaganizidwe. Tiyenera kulingalira kwambiri ndikukhala ndi makhalidwe ochepa. Mikangano idzakhalapobe. Maganizo osiyanasiyana sadzatha. Ngati tikufuna kukhala limodzi tiyenera kupeza mpata wokayikira - kapena kukayika kumeneku kuli kofunikira kuti titsegulire mwayi watsopano ndikumvetsetsa kuti sitili akatswiri pachowonadi chenicheni.
Tikamapanganthawi, tikadzitsegulira kuzinthu zosamvetsetseka ndikuvomereza kukayikira, titha kufikira mkhalidwe wa ataraxia womwe afilosofi achi Greek adalakalaka omwe lero titha kuwamasulira kukhala bata lamalingaliro. Ndikubetcha komwe kuli koyenera, kwa athu onse kulingalira bwino kuposa kukhala pagulu.
Malire:
Thomson, J. (2021) Pyrrho ndi moyo Wokayikira: umbuli ndi chisangalalo. Mu: BigThink.
Malo, P. (2021) Malos tiempos para el escepticismo. Mu: Zosakaniza.
Pakhomo Kukayikira ngati njira yothetsera nkhani zachiwawa idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
