Anthu a makhalidwe abwino akhalapo ndipo akhala akuyesetsa kukakamiza anthu kuti azitsatira mfundo zawo. Koma masiku ano, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti asanduka malo ochitira mitundu yonse ya makhalidwe abwino. Ndi zofalitsa zochepa zomwe zimathawa maso awo ndipo nthawi zonse pamakhala gulu lokonzeka kudzudzula kapena kutsutsa zochita ndi mawu a ena. Okonzeka nthawi zonse kuweruza.
Zoonadi, ngakhale kuti kukamba za makhalidwe abwino pazama TV ndizochitika masiku ano, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri ngati munthu. Wanthanthi Wachigiriki Socrates anafufuza chodabwitsa chimenechi ndipo anachiwona m’thupi lake. M’buku lakuti Apology of Socrates, lolembedwa ndi Plato, munthu atha kuona mmene wafilosofiyo amafotokozera tanthauzo lake.kudzikuza zimene zimabisala ku mikhalidwe yabwino.
Makhalidwe ndi chidziwitso, mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi
Limanena kuti nthawi ina wolaula wa ku Delphi ananena kuti palibe munthu wanzeru kuposa Socrates. Poyankha, Socrates, amene ankaganiza kuti anali mbuli kwambiri moti n’kungomuona ngati wanzeru kwambiri, analankhula ndi anthu ena amene ankati ndi anzeru kwambiri.
Anafunsa andale, olemba masewero, ndi ena kuti apeze kuti amakhulupirira zosagwirizana ndi zomwe moyo wabwino uli, ndipo nthawi zambiri sankatha kufotokoza zikhulupirirozo kapena kuyankha mafunso ake opweteka.
M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Socrates anavomereza kuti iye analidi wanzeru koposa, koma kokha chifukwa chakuti iye yekha ndiye anazindikira kuchepera kwa iye kudziŵa.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokozedwa mwachidule mu aphorism yake yotchuka: "Ndikudziwa kuti sindikudziwa kanthu", koma mfundo imodzi yofunika kuinyalanyaza kaŵirikaŵiri: Socrates analankhula za nzeru zamakhalidwe, osati kungodziŵa maphunziro chabe. Pamene Socrates analankhula ndi “akatswiri” ndi “anzeru” osiyanasiyana, sanangodzinenera kukhala anzeru, komanso koposa maulamuliro onse amakhalidwe abwino.
Kwa a sophists, nzeru ndi makhalidwe zinali zogwirizana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi Socrates anapeza kuti awo amene anali otsimikiza za nzeru zawo analinso okhutiritsidwa ndi ulamuliro wawo wamakhalidwe. Monga momwe kudzikuza kwaluntha kumapangitsa anthu kunyalanyaza mipata m’chidziŵitso chawo, awo amene ali otsimikiza kuti iwo alidi ochirikiza makhalidwe abwino nawonso sazindikira zolakwa zawo ndipo amanyalanyaza zovuta za makhalidwe enieniwo. M’mawu ena, kudziona kukhala olungama kumawachititsa khungu.
Wafilosofi Glenn Rawson adanena izi “Pamene anthu amanena kuti ali ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka ponena za zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’moyo (monga chilungamo, ukoma, ndi njira yabwino koposa ya moyo), m’pamenenso sangavomereze zonena zawozo. Ngakhale chidziŵitso cha anthu ena cha luso kapena sayansi chimasokonezedwa ndi chikhulupiriro chawo cholakwika chakuti iwo ali oyenereradi kuuza anthu mmene ayenera kukhalira.” Mwa kuyankhula kwina, anthu ambiri amanena kuti ali ndi ufulu wodziika okha monga oweruza a miyoyo ya ena chifukwa chakuti ali ndi - kapena akuganiza kuti ali ndi chidziwitso.
Kuphunzitsa makhalidwe kumatanthauza kudzikhulupirira kuti ndiwe wopambana, kunyalanyaza mithunzi yake
Zoonadi, pali kusiyana kwina pakati pa omwe amadziwonetsera ngati olimbikitsa makhalidwe abwino masiku ano ndi munthu yemwe ankakhala ku Greece wakale. Zambiri mwa kusiyana kumeneku ndi chifukwa chakuti pali chilolezo chochuluka pa intaneti kuti apange chithunzithunzi chokokomeza cha makhalidwe abwino, chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe amalumikizana nawo sadziwa bwino kapena sakudziwa momwe amakhalira.
M’zochita, “kusadziŵika kwa makhalidwe” kumeneku kumapereka ufulu woweruza ena ndipo, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kudzikweza. M'malo mwake, kafukufuku angapo awonetsa kuti zomwe zili ndi ma virus ambiri pamasamba ochezera ndizomwe zili "zabwino" zomwe zimanena za malingaliro, zinthu kapena zochitika zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthauziridwa mogwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda kapena zabwino. Nkhani ndi ndemanga zokhala ndi mawu abwino zimafala kwambiri pa intaneti.
Chochitika ichi sichimangokhala chifukwa cha kuipidwa kwa makhalidwe, koma chifukwa chakuti kusonyeza khalidwe loipa ndi njira yamphamvu yosungira kapena kuwongolera mbiri ya munthu m'gulu linalake la anthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti umembala wake umveka bwino. Nthawi zonse wina akanena za "zachiwerewere," amalowanso m'gulu ndikutsimikiziranso kuti ndi ndani, ngakhale sakudziwa bwino.
Ndipotu, tonse timachita makhalidwe omwe amathandiza kusiyanitsa gulu lomwe timadziwika nalo ndi lakunja. Tikamachita zimenezi timalimbitsa chuma chathu ndi kusonyeza kuti timagwirizana ndi mfundo zawo. Komabe, makhalidwe amenewa amakhala oipitsitsa pamene ziwopsezo zibuka, monga malo amene anthu akukayikirana kwambiri, maganizo osiyanasiyana, kapena kusintha kwakukulu.
Chochititsa chidwi, kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku Yale University adawulula kuti kudzudzula anthu omwe ali pagulu komanso kuwonetsa chidani pawailesi yakanema ndikothandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa chibwenzi kusiyana ndi kungosonyeza kuchirikiza gulu lomwe muli. Kufunika kukhala m’gulu linalake ndi kulimbitsa umunthu wake ndi zifukwa zazikulu zimene zimachititsa anthu kudzudzula ena mwamakhalidwe.
Zoonadi, mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, lero tikugawana khalidwe limodzi ndi anthu a ku Greece wakale: kugwirizanitsa chidziwitso kapena malingaliro ndi makhalidwe abwino, kotero kuti ngati wina anena maganizo osiyana ndi athu, adzaweruzidwa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha khalidwe loipa.
Anthu omwe amaphunzira zamakhalidwe amakhulupilira kuti ngati wina satsatira zikhulupiriro zawo kapena kupatuka patali kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zomwe gulu lomwe akukhalamo, mwina si munthu wabwino. Ndi chifukwa chake amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu womutsutsa ndi kumuweruza.
Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe abwino, kukhala ndi zikhulupiriro "zolondola" ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la ubwino, kotero kutsindika zikhulupiriro "zolakwika" kumawathandiza kuti azidzimva kuti ndi abwino. Umu ndi momwe "apolisi amakhalidwe abwino" amapangidwira, ndipo umu ndi momwe kuponderezana kukukonzekera.
Komabe, kunena kuti munthu wina wachita chiwerewere kumatanthauza - mwadala kapena mosadziwa - kudzikweza yekha, kusangalala ndi mwayi umene anthu amapeza. Ndicho chifukwa chake anthu omwe amapereka maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino amatikhumudwitsa chifukwa, mozindikira kapena mosadziwa, timamvetsetsa kuti akudziyika okha pamlingo wapamwamba popanda kusonyeza chifundo pang'ono ndipo, nthawi zambiri, kunyalanyaza matani awo a imvi.
Kunena zoona, makhalidwe abwino ndi ofanana kwambiri. Tonsefe ndife osakaniza kuunika ndi mdima, kotero kuti awo amene amadziika kukhala olamulira amakhalidwe amakhoza kuwona kachitsotso ka m’diso la wina, pamene akunyalanyaza mtengowo mwa iwo okha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake tiyenera kuganiza kawiri - kapena atatu kapena anayi - tisanaponye mwala woyamba.
Malire:
Brady, WJ ndi. Al. (2020) Chitsanzo cha MAD cha Kupatsirana kwa Makhalidwe: Udindo Wachilimbikitso, Chidwi, ndi Mapangidwe Pakufalikira kwa Makhalidwe Abwino Pa intaneti. Zolingalira pa Psychological Science; 15 (4): 978-1010.
Goldhill, O. (2019) Nzeru zamakedzana za Socrates zikuwonetsa chifukwa chake kuwonetsa makhalidwe abwino pawailesi yakanema kumakwiyitsa. Mu: Quartz.
Crockett, MJ (2017) Kukwiyitsidwa kwamakhalidwe mu nthawi ya digito. Makhalidwe Aanthu Amunthu; 1: 769-771.
Brady, WJ, et. Al. (2017) Kutengeka kumapangitsa kufalikira kwa zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe abwino m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 114: 7313-7318.
Suter, RS, & Hertwig, R. (2011) Nthawi ndi chiweruzo cha makhalidwe. Kuzindikira; 119: 454-458.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. II. (2002) Kudziona kukhala wofunika kwa umunthu wamakhalidwe. Journal of Personal and Psychology; 83 (6): 1423-1440.
Rawson, G. (2005) Kudzichepetsa kwa Socratic. Mu: Philosophy Tsopano.
Pakhomo Kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu okamba nkhani zamakhalidwe abwino amatikwiyitsa kwambiri, malinga ndi kunena kwa Socrates? idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
