Kumbuyo kwa nkhondo nthawi zonse pamakhala zifukwa chikwi - zochulukirapo kapena zosamveka - kuchokera pazachuma kupita pazandale. Komabe, nkhondo zimasankhidwa, kumenyedwa ndi anthu, kotero psychology imathandizanso kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake anthu amamenya nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi.
Erich Fromm, katswiri wa zamaganizo wobadwira ku Chiyuda yemwe adathawa ku Germany chipani cha Nazi chitatenga mphamvu, adakhala wolimbikitsa mtendere padziko lonse lapansi komanso wopenda zaufulu ndi zikhalidwe zaulamuliro m'magulu amasiku ano. M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, adalemba kusanthula kwachidziwitso cha zifukwa zamaganizo za nkhondo, zomwe tonsefe - olamulira, atsogoleri amalingaliro ndi nzika - tiyenera kuyesetsa kupewa nkhondo.
Kusintha kwakukulu kokha m’maganizo athu kungadzetse mtendere wokhalitsa
1. Kusakhulupirirana
Fromm anali wotsimikiza kuti kusowa chikhulupiriro mwa wina, yemwe nthawi zonse amawoneka ngati mdani, ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha mpikisano wa zida ndi nkhondo zomwe zikubwera. Tikamakhulupirira kuti sitingakhulupirire dziko kapena boma lake chifukwa liri ndi zofuna zosiyana ndi zathu, tingayembekezere zoipa kwambiri ndikuyesera kudziteteza.
Iye anafotokoza zimenezo "Kukhulupirira kumalumikizidwa ndi anthu oganiza bwino komanso anzeru, omwe amachita motero". Ngati tikhulupirira kuti "wotsutsa" uyu ndi wolinganiza m'maganizo, tikhoza kuyesa mayendedwe ake ndikuwayembekezera mkati mwa malire ena, kudziwa zolinga zawo ndikuvomerezana pa malamulo ena ndi zikhalidwe zokhalira pamodzi. Tikhoza "Kudziwa zomwe angathe, komanso kuyembekezera zomwe angachite akapanikizika".
Kumbali ina, tikamaganiza kuti mdani ndi "wopenga", chidaliro chimatha ndipo mantha amachichotsa. Koma nthawi zambiri ziyeneretso za "wopenga" kwenikweni zimangoyankha kulephera kwathu kuwona ndikumvetsetsa zolimbikitsa zake, kutidziwitsa zamalingaliro ake ndi momwe amawonera dziko lapansi. Mwachiwonekere, pamene malingaliro aliwonse amatsutsana kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa masomphenya a wina, timakhulupirira mochepa komanso m'pamenenso mkangano ungayambike.
2. Kusokonezeka pakati pa zotheka ndi zotheka
Pali zochitika m'moyo zomwe zingatheke, koma sizingatheke. Pali kuthekera kwa kugundidwa ndi meteorite mukuyenda mumsewu, koma zotheka ndizochepa. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumatithandiza kukhalabe oganiza bwino komanso kumatithandiza kukhala odzidalira. Choncho chidaliro chathu chimakula.
Fromm, kumbali ina, ankakhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ndi chilakolako chodzipangira zida ndizo kusokoneza zotheka ndi zomwe zingatheke. Koma "Kusiyana pakati pa njira zonse zoganizira ndi zofanana pakati pa kuganiza mopanda mantha ndi kuganiza bwino", anatsindika.
Malingana ndi Fromm, sitimayima kuti tifufuze deta ndi mlingo wocheperapo wa chidaliro m'moyo ndi umunthu, koma timakhala ndi maganizo osasamala. Kuganiza kwa paranoid kumapangitsa zosatheka kukhala kotheka, zomwe zimayambitsa kufunikira kodziteteza. Zowona, Fromm adanenanso nthawi zambiri "Maganizo a ndale amakhudzidwa ndi zizolowezi zamtunduwu". M'malo mwake, kuyang'ana pazochitika zenizeni kumatithandiza kutenga njira yeniyeni komanso yolinganiza kuthetsa mavuto omwe angakhalepo, m'malo mopanga zatsopano.
3. Kusakhulupirira chibadwa cha anthu
Amene amakonda zida zankhondo amaganiza kuti anthu ndi opotoka ndipo ali nawo "Mbali yakuda, yopanda nzeru komanso yopanda nzeru". Anthuwa amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kukonzekera zoipa chifukwa anthu osiyana akhoza kuwaukira nthawi iliyonse. Lingaliro lopanda chiyembekezo limenelo la chibadwa cha anthu limawapangitsa kusakhulupirira zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Fromm sananyengedwe. Amadziwa zankhanza za chipani cha Nazi, adawona mabomba a atomiki, vuto la mizinga ku Cuba ndikukumana ndi Cold War. Chotero, iye anazindikira zimenezo "Munthu ali ndi kuthekera kochita zoyipa, kukhalapo kwake konse kumalumikizidwa ndi ma dichotomies omwe amakhala ndi mikhalidwe yomwe amakhalapo". Komabe, iye sankakhulupirira kuti tinali ndi chibadwa chaukali chokonzekera kuchita zinthu mwaukali nthawi ina iliyonse, mosiyana.
M’chenicheni, iye ananena kuti pankhondo zambiri pamakhala “chiwawa chamagulu” chomwe chili kutali ndi chiwawa chomwe chimangochitika mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha mkwiyo chifukwa ndi njira imene "Munthuyo amawononga kokha chifukwa amamvera ndikudziletsa kuchita zomwe wauzidwa, molingana ndi malamulo omwe waperekedwa". Pachifukwa ichi, akunena kuti "Ngati zokonda sizikuwopsezedwa, sipangakhale funso lofuna kuwononga lomwe limadziwonetsera ngati lokha".
4. Kupembedza mafano
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zamaganizo za nkhondo zomwe zimakankhira anthu kumenyana ndizo kupembedza mafano, vuto lofala m'mbuyomu lomwe limafalikira mpaka lero. Mafano athu akaukiridwa, timaona ngati kuukira kwaumwini chifukwa timagwirizana nawo, timaona kuti ndiko kuukira zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Ndi mawu akuti mafano Fromm samangotanthauza zachipembedzo komanso "Ngakhale kwa omwe timawakonda masiku ano: malingaliro, ulamuliro wa boma, dziko, mtundu, chipembedzo, ufulu, socialism kapena demokalase, kukwiyitsa kugula". Chilichonse chimene chimatichititsa khungu ndiponso chimene timadziŵika nacho kotheratu chikhoza kukhala fano.
Komabe, imafika poti zimene timalambira zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa moyo wa munthu. Ndife okonzeka kupereka nsembe anthu kuti titetezere mafano. Zonse chifukwa ndife ozunzidwa ndi mtundu wa "zowopsa" zomwe zimatikakamiza kuteteza zomwe timakhulupirira kuti ndi gawo lathu. Pachifukwa ichi, Fromm adanena kuti "Malinga ngati anthu akupitirizabe kupembedza mafano, kuukiridwa kwawo kudzawoneka ngati kuopseza zofuna zawo." Mwanjira imeneyi, "Zomwe tidapanga zidaphatikizana kukhala mphamvu zomwe zimatilamulira".
Chifukwa chake, Fromm adatsimikiza kuti "Gulu lamtendere likhoza kukhala lopambana pokhapokha ngati likudzipitirira lokha ndikukhala gulu la anthu akuluakulu [...] Pakapita nthawi, kusintha kwakukulu kokha pakati pa anthu kungabweretse mtendere wosatha". Pokhapokha pamene tichotsa mantha amenewo ndikukhala ndi chidaliro, timasiya malingaliro amalingaliro omwe timasanthula momwe zinthu zilili ndikudzitsegulira tokha kukambirana pozindikira zosowa za wina, tingayambe kuzimitsa moto, m'malo moyatsa. ndi kuwadyetsa..
Chitsime:
Fromm, E. (2001) Pa desobediencia y otros ensayos. Barcelona: Paidós Ibérica.
Pakhomo Zomwe zimayambitsa 4 zamaganizidwe pankhondo zakale ndi zamakono, malinga ndi Erich Fromm idasindikizidwa koyamba mu Pakona ya Psychology.
