"ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā mea maikaʻi loa i ke ola no ka mea ʻaʻohe o mākou manaʻolana", wahi a Eli Khamarov, a ua pololei ʻo ia. Hoʻohālikelike ka hauʻoli i ko mākou pae o ka ʻae ʻana a like ʻole i ko mākou mau manaʻo.
Aia nā manaʻolana i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻopiʻi nei iā mākou me kā lākou ukana o nā kuhi hewa a me nā koi. Akā inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia - ʻo ia ka mea e hana pinepine ʻia - e komo mākou i loko o ka lua o ka huhū, hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me ka pau ʻole. ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo i hōʻike ʻia e nā manaʻo.
He aha nā manaʻo? ʻO kā lākou manaʻo
ʻO nā manaʻolana he mau manaʻo pilikino e pili ana i nā hanana e hiki mai ana a ʻaʻole paha. He mau kuhiakau lākou e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, nā manaʻolana e pili ana i nā ʻano kumuhana a me nā kumu. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā manaʻolana mai kahi hui paʻakikī o kā mākou ʻike, makemake a me ka ʻike o ke kaiapuni a i ʻole nā kānaka a puni mākou.
Loaʻa nā manaʻolana mai kahi manawa liʻiliʻi e hiki mai kekahi mea i kahi hanana kokoke. ʻO kekahi mau mea i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano maʻalahi no ka mea ua hoʻoulu ʻia lākou e ko mākou mau makemake, hoʻopunipuni a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo, ʻo ia ke kumu e hānai ai mākou iā lākou me ka ʻike ʻole i ko lākou kumu a me ke kūʻē ʻole ʻana i ke ʻano maoli. ʻO nā manaʻolana ʻē aʻe he ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe no ka mea ua hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma ke kaʻina o ka nānā ʻana i nā kumu like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
He aha nā hana o nā manaʻolana?
ʻO ka hana nui o nā manaʻo e hoʻomākaukau iā mākou no ka hana. Inā noʻonoʻo mākou i ka mea e hiki mai ana, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomākaukau i kahi hoʻolālā hana i ʻole e kahaha ke ola iā mākou. No laila, kōkua nā manaʻolana iā mākou e hoʻomākaukau no ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o kā mākou hoʻoholo ma luna o ka ʻikepili pahuhopu - e like me kā mākou makemake e manaʻoʻiʻo - akā ma luna o nā manaʻolana e pili ana i nā hopena o kēlā mau hoʻoholo. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo kēlā me kēia hoʻoholo, ma kekahi ʻano, he hana o ka manaʻoʻiʻo. Aia ma hope o kēlā me kēia hoʻoholo ka hilinaʻi e hoʻokō ʻia kā mākou mau manaʻo e pili ana i nā hopena o kā mākou koho.
No laila, lilo nā manaʻolana i ʻano panana i loko. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ka manaʻo ʻana i kahi mea e hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō ʻia, no laila inā ʻaʻole maoli nā manaʻolana hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻopunipuni iā mākou a, ma kahi o ke kōkua ʻana iā mākou e hoʻomākaukau noʻonoʻo, alakaʻi i ka huhū.
5 mau hiʻohiʻona o nā manaʻolana kūpono ʻole e hoʻoulu i ka noʻonoʻo kilokilo
Ua ʻike ʻo Jean Piaget he paʻakikī nā keiki liʻiliʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka honua kumuhana a lākou i hana ai i loko o ko lākou noʻonoʻo a me ka honua o waho. Ua ʻike ʻo Piaget e manaʻoʻiʻo nā keiki e hiki i ko lākou mau manaʻo ke hoʻokō i nā mea. Eia kekahi laʻana, inā huhū lākou i ko lākou kaikunāne, manaʻo paha lākou ua maʻi ko lākou kaikunāne ma muli o lākou, inā ʻaʻole.
Ua kapa ʻo Piaget i kēia ʻano "manaʻo kilokilo" a manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻopau iā mākou a pau i ka makahiki 7. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka wā makua e hoʻomau nei mākou i nā ʻano manaʻo kilokilo. He nui ka poʻe e paʻakikī i ka haʻalele ʻana i ka manaʻo e hiki mai ana ke kali ʻana i kahi mea e hiki ai, kahi manaʻo e hāʻawi iā ia iho i nā kumumanaʻo e like me ke "lawe hoʻokipa" kaulana.
Eia kekahi, maʻa mākou e hoʻopaʻa i ko mākou manaolana no ka hauʻoli ma luna o nā manaʻolana i hoʻokō ʻia. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou e hauʻoli mākou inā e hoʻokō ʻia ka mea a mākou e manaʻo ai a makemake paha. A inā ʻaʻole, manaʻo mākou e hauʻoli loa mākou. Hoʻopaneʻe kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka hauʻoli ma ka moraki ʻana iā ia i kahi kūpono.
Akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā manaʻo, ʻoiai he kumu maikaʻi kā mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ʻo ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi manaʻolana e hauʻoli ai mākou a ʻike pono mākou e hana i nā ala kūpono e hoʻokō ai i kēlā mau manaʻo.
ʻO ka pilikia maoli me nā manaʻolana ke kali nei i kahi mea e hiki mai me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kumu maikaʻi. Inā mākou e manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ka hānai wale ʻana i kekahi mau makemake e hoʻokō ʻia lākou, ke hoʻoulu nei mākou i ka noʻonoʻo kilokilo a hoʻonohonoho i ke kahua no ka hōʻeha.
keia ʻano manaʻolana he mea hoopunipuni. A ʻo ia, akā ua hānai mākou iā ia ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana ke loaʻa iā mākou nā manaʻo kūpono ʻole e like me:
1. Pono ke ola. ʻAʻole pololei ke ola, loaʻa nā mea ʻino i nā "kanaka maikaʻi". ʻO ka manaʻo e hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i nā pilikia a me nā pilikia no ka mea he "maikaʻi" mākou he laʻana o ka manaʻolana kūpono ʻole i loaʻa iā mākou.
2. Pono nā kānaka e hoʻomaopopo iaʻu. Ua pilikia mākou a pau i kekahi manawa maiKa hopena o ka ʻae wahaheʻe, he hanana noʻonoʻo e noʻonoʻo ai mākou he nui ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo like me mākou a he pololei mākou. ʻAʻole kēia ka hihia i nā manawa a pau, aia kēlā me kēia kanaka i ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī a ʻaʻole pono e hui pū me kā mākou.
3. E maikaʻi nā mea a pau. He huaʻōlelo a mākou e ʻōlelo pinepine ai i kekahi i kekahi e kūkulu i ka hilinaʻi, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo inā ʻaʻole mākou e hōʻoia i ka holo maikaʻi ʻana o ka hana, hiki i kā mākou hoʻolālā ke hele hewa i kēlā me kēia manawa.
4. Pono nā kānaka e lokomaikaʻi iaʻu. Manaʻo mākou e lokomaikaʻi ka poʻe a makemake e kōkua iā mākou, akā ʻaʻole pēlā ka hihia. ʻAʻole makemake kekahi poʻe iā mākou a ʻaʻole mālama wale kekahi iā mākou. Pono mākou e ʻae.
5. Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻololi. Manaʻo mākou e hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi i nā mea ʻē aʻe, kahi manaʻo maʻamau i nā pilina. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, pono e hele mai ka hoʻololi pilikino mai loko mai, mai kahi hoʻoikaika intrinsic. Hiki iā mākou ke kōkua i ke kanaka e hoʻololi, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi a "hoʻomaikaʻi" iā ia.
ʻO nā hopena o nā manaʻo kūpono ʻole
ʻAʻole pōʻino nā manaʻolana iā lākou iho no ke kōkua ʻana iā mākou e hana i kahi kiʻi nui o nā mea e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻomaka ka pilikia ke manaʻo mākou e hele ana ke ola e like me ko mākou makemake, a ma hope koke iho e alakaʻi iā mākou i ka hōʻeha, no ka mea, e like me kā ka mea kākau ʻo Margaret Mitchell i ʻōlelo ai: "ʻAʻole koi ke ola e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka mea a mākou e manaʻo ai."
Piʻi ka pilikia ke hoʻopoina mākou i ko mākou mau manaʻo e hōʻike wale i kahi makemake a i ʻole kahi kūpono - pinepine mamao loa - e hiki mai ana kekahi mea. Ke nalowale mākou i kēlā manaʻo, lilo nā manaʻolana i mea pepehi hauʻoli maoli.
Eia kekahi, ke alakaʻi ʻia nā mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e "hana ʻole" e hana e like me kā mākou e manaʻo ai, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka hōʻino ʻia e ka huhū, a laila e hoʻopilikia nui i ka pilina, e lilo ai kā mākou hilinaʻi i kēlā poʻe.
He paʻakikī ka wehe ʻana i nā manaʻolana. ʻO ka nūhou maikaʻi ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻokuke iā lākou mai ko mākou honua noʻonoʻo, akā pono mākou e aʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manaʻo maoli a me nā manaʻo ʻole.
Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i kāu mau manaʻo
1. Lawe ʻoe i ke kuleana no kāu mau hoʻoholo
ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo nā mea i manaʻo ʻia, he mau mea hiki ke maʻalahi, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia ʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole ia he terminological wale nō, e ʻae iā mākou e mālama i ko mākou ola. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā makemake ʻoe e hana ʻia kekahi mea, pono ʻoe e hoʻoikaika a hana i nā hana kūpono a pau e hoʻokō ʻia ai kēlā makemake, me ke kali ʻole ʻana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e koho i kāu mea e makemake ai a manaʻo paha iā lākou.
ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ka manaʻo ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi a me ka hana hou aku e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻihoʻi i ka mana me ka ʻole o ka manaʻo kaumaha, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka hilinaʻi nui aʻe i ko mākou hiki a me ka ʻike nui iā mākou iho. ʻO ka poʻe noho ʻole a puni e kali ana i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau manaʻo akā hakakā no ka mea a lākou e makemake ai, ʻaʻole lākou e lawe i ke kuleana o ka mea i pepehi ʻia a i martyr paha, akā lawe i ke kuleana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā mea.
2. E hoʻokaʻawale i kou mau makemake mai kāu mau hana
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka manawa mākou e hana pū me ka mea hoʻokele maʻalahi ma ka manaʻo ʻana i ka "manaʻo herd"; ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻolaʻa mākou i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kā mākou mau hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke kuleana ma mua o nā manaʻolana a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kau mai ai iā mākou, ʻo ka ʻohana a i ʻole ke kaiāulu.
Ke hoʻokō ʻole mākou i kā mākou mau hana, hewa mākou. Akā, inā mahalo mākou iā lākou, manaʻolana mākou i ka uku a ke hiki ʻole mai, huhū mākou a hoʻohaʻahaʻa. I kēlā me kēia hihia, nalowale mākou no ka mea ua paʻa mākou i kahi kūlana manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana i kā mākou mau manaʻolana ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana ʻaʻole pono mākou e hoʻokō i nā manaʻolana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. A he kaʻina hoʻokuʻu ia e hoʻopili ai ʻoe me kou mau makemake a me kou mau makemake maoli, ʻo ia nā mea kumu ʻelua no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāu mea i hoʻomaka ai e hana i ke ola.
3. E hauʻoli i kēia manawa
“Mai hele i ke alahaka a hiki i laila"Aʻoaʻo i kahi ʻōlelo Pelekane. Pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia i nā ʻāpana o ka wā i hala, ka mea i lawelawe iā mākou e hana i nā wānana a me nā makemake no ka wā e hiki mai ana, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi ʻike o kēia manawa, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou. ʻO nā manaʻolana me ka hana ʻole e hoʻopaʻa wale iā mākou i loko o ka pahele o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua kaupalena lākou iā mākou i ke kuleana o ka mea pāʻani chess e noho kali ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoa paio, ʻoiai ʻo nā neʻe a pau e hiki ai ke counterattack ke hele ma kona noʻonoʻo. Ma ke ola, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea pāʻani chess no ka lōʻihi loa, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokuʻu i kēia manawa.
Eia kekahi, lilo pinepine nā mea i manaʻo ʻia i mau lens blurred e pale iā mākou mai ka ʻike maopopo ʻana i ka honua. Ke kali nei i kekahi mea, hiki iā mākou ke haʻalele i nā manawa ʻē aʻe, me he mea lā aia mākou ma kahi kahua kahua e kali ana i kahi kaʻaahi hiki ʻole mai a, i kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu mākou i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā manaʻolana maoli e hiki ai iā mākou ke noho i kēia manawa, kūkulu ia a hoʻohana i nā manawa kūpono e hāʻawi mai iā mākou.
Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā manaʻolana?
• E hoʻomalu i ka manaʻo kali. Ma ka Buddhism ke kuhikuhi nei mākou i ka "manaʻo kali" e kuhikuhi i kēlā poʻe e manaʻo nei i kekahi mea, akā ʻaʻole hele i ka hana e hoʻokō ai. Mai kēia manaʻo, he mea ʻole nā manaʻolana e like me ka hula e hoʻomaha i ka ua. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, kūʻē lākou no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike ʻia e lawelawe wale lākou i ka hana ʻeha a me ka ʻeha, ukiuki a me ke kaumaha. ʻO ka hoʻonā? E hoʻomalu i ka manaʻo kali. Hiki iā mākou ke hana i kēia ma ka wehe ʻana iā mākou iho i ka maopopo ʻole a me ke ʻano o ke ola, nā kūlana ola me ka manaʻo ʻole i kahi hopena.
• E hoʻokuʻu i ka pono e hoʻomalu. Nui nā mea i manaʻo ʻia mai ko mākou pono e hoʻomalu a me ka manaʻo aia kahi pilina laina ma waena o ke kumu a me ka hopena. Manaʻo mākou inā mākou e hana i kekahi mea, no ka laʻana, e hoʻihoʻi lākou i ka lokomaikaʻi. Akā, ʻaʻole hana like ke ola, a i ʻole i nā manawa a pau. No laila, no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia, pono e hoʻokuʻu i ka pono e hoʻomalu i nā mea āpau a lilo i mea ākea e hoʻololi, ʻike ʻole a i ʻole improbable. Pono ʻoe e hoʻōki i ka lawe wale ʻana i kekahi mau hana a i ʻole nā hana a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole lākou i pili iā ʻoe.
• E hoʻokaʻawale i waena o nā manaʻo maoli a me nā manaʻolana ʻole. Kōkua nā manaʻolana iā mākou e hoʻomākaukau no ka wā e hiki mai ana, no laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana iā lākou i ko mākou pono, pono mākou e aʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo maoli, nā mea i loaʻa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe e lilo i ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai nā mea pono ʻole e pili ana i kā mākou makemake. Pono mākou e hoʻomanaʻo i kēlā "ʻO nā mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia he mau manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia", e like me kā Steve Lynch i ʻōlelo ai, ʻoiai aia ka manawa kūpono ʻaʻole lākou e māʻona. ʻO ka manaʻo i kekahi e hana i kekahi mea no mākou e kūʻē i ko lākou mau makemake he mea maoli ʻole. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo ʻana i kēlā kanaka e hana i kekahi mea no mākou e ʻoluʻolu iā lākou he manaʻo maoli.
• E hoʻohana i nā manaʻo e wehe i kou manaʻo. Hoʻohana mākou i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he tunnel e alakaʻi ana i kahi huakaʻi hoʻokahi, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā alahele ma ke ala. Akā, no ka mea he kuhi wale nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana iā lākou i mea hana e hoʻonui ai i kou manaʻo. E hoʻohana iā lākou e hoʻonui i kou manaʻo ma ka loiloi ʻana i nā koho āpau, ʻoiai nā mea liʻiliʻi loa. Hāʻawi kēia iā ʻoe i ka manawa e ʻike ai i nā ala hou a apo i ka maopopo ʻole, ʻoiai e hoʻokuʻu ana iā ʻoe iho mai ka ʻeha i hana ʻia e nā mea hele ʻole e like me ka hoʻolālā.
• E kamaʻilio i kāu mau manaʻo. ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo e lawe mai kahi manaʻo i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia iā mākou i ka mea a mākou e makemake ai he manaʻo kupua a ʻike ʻole. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi manaʻo i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia. No laila, inā manaʻo mākou i kekahi mea mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole mākou e manaʻo e heluhelu lākou i ko mākou mau manaʻo, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa ke kamaʻilio i kā mākou mau manaʻo, wehewehe i kā mākou makemake a ʻike i ko lākou makemake e kōkua iā mākou.
• E hoʻomākaukau i ka papahana B. ʻAʻole lawa ka kamaʻilio ʻana i kā mākou mau manaʻo e hoʻokō iā lākou. Nui nā kumu ma waho o ko mākou mana ma waena o kā mākou mau hoʻolālā a me kā lākou hoʻokō, no laila ʻo ka mea akamai loa ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā B. E like me kā ka mea kākau ʻo Denis Waitley i ʻōlelo ai: "Manaʻolana no ka mea maikaʻi loa, e hoʻolālā no ka mea ʻino loa a mākaukau e kāhāhā." ʻO kēia ke ʻano.
Pehea e hana ai me nā manaʻolana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe?
He paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana i kāu mau manaʻo, akā hiki ke paʻakikī ke hoʻokō i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, ma kekahi ʻano, ua hoʻolālā ʻia mākou e mahalo i nā ʻano maʻamau a hana i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia mai iā mākou. Ma kēia ala e loaʻa ai iā mākou ka ʻae a me ka ʻae ʻia o nā hui like ʻole a mākou e komo ai. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau manawa i lilo nā manaʻolana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i mau kaulahao e kaupalena iā mākou a pono mākou e hoʻokuʻu iā mākou iho mai lākou.
Inā pēlā, he mea nui e maopopo. Inā ʻike ʻoe he manaʻo ko nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe a ʻaʻole makemake paha e hui, ʻo ka hoʻolālā hoʻoponopono maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ke kamaʻilio pololei iā lākou. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēia mau manaʻolana a wehewehe i kāu mea e makemake ai e hana a me nā laina ʻulaʻula āu e hele ʻole ai.
Nui nā manawa i manaʻo ai ka poʻe me ka ʻike ʻole a no ka mea ua alakaʻi ʻia lākou e nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā kuleana āu e makemake ʻole ai e hahai. Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻomau i kahi pilina olakino a mahalo ʻaʻole i koi ʻia kekahi o ʻolua e hana i nā hoʻoholo ma lalo o ke kaomi o nā manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, pono ʻoe e hoʻokokoke i kēia mau pilikia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
He mea nui nō hoʻi e hoʻomākaukau ʻoe no ka paio, hoʻopaʻi a hoʻopaʻapaʻa paha no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo e hoʻomaopopo mau ka mea ʻē aʻe i kou manaʻo. He ʻeha ka manaʻolana, no laila e hoʻāʻo nā kānaka e mālama i kēlā manaʻolana. E noʻonoʻo e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka ko lākou mau manaʻo ponoʻī a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kā mākou a i ʻole e hālāwai me lākou. Ke hoʻomaopopo ʻoe i kou kūlana, aia ke kuleana o ka mea ʻē aʻe no kā lākou mau manaʻo.
Ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hōʻoia i kāu mau hoʻoholo ola. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i nā manaʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo paha kou mau mākua he mau keiki kāu a i ʻole manaʻolana paha kāu hoaaloha ʻaʻole ʻoe e neʻe i kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka honua, akā ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hana i kēlā mau hoʻoholo e leʻaleʻa iā lākou. ʻO ke kī ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kaulike ma waena o ka mea āu e makemake ai a me ka mea e hauʻoli ai ʻoe a me ka mea e hōʻeha ʻole ai i ka poʻe a puni ʻoe. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe aloha iā ʻoe.
Kumuwaiwai:
ʻO Arnkoff, DB et. Al. (2010) Manaʻo. Ka Moʻomanaʻo o Clinical Psychology; 67 (2): 184-192.
Driskell. JE & Mullen, B. (1990) Kūlana, Manaʻo, a me ka Behavior: He Meta-Analytic Review and Test of the Theory. ʻO ka Pono a me ka Moʻolelo Kilapila Ola; 16 (3): 541-553.
ʻO Arrington, CE a me. Al. (1983) The Psychology of Expectations Gaps: No ke aha i nui ai ka hoopaapaa e pili ana i ke kuleana o ka Luna Hooia? Heluhelu a me ka noiʻi ʻoihana; 13 (52): 243-250.
Driskell, JE (1982) Nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino a me nā manaʻo hana. Social Psychology hapaha; 45: 229-237.
Berger, J & Conner, TL (1969) Nā manaʻolana hana a me ka hana i nā hui liʻiliʻi. Ka hana pilikanaka; 12: 186-197.
ʻO ka puka komo He aha nā manaʻo? ʻO kā lākou manaʻo noʻonoʻo hoopuka mua ia Kihi o ka Psychology.
